Central Intelligence Vgency The World Factbook Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five This publication is prepared for the use of US Government officials, and the format, coverage, and content are designed to meet their specific requirements. US Government officials may ob- tain additional copies of this document directly or through liaison channels from the Central Intelligence Agency. Requesters outside the US Government may ob- tain subscriptions to CIA publications similar to this one by addressing inquiries to: Document Expediting (DOCEX) Project Exchange and Gift Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540 or: National Technical information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Requesters outside the US Government not inter- ested in subscription service may purchase spe- cific publications either in paper copy or micro- form from: Photoduplication Service Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540 or: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 To expedite service call the NTIS Order Desk (703) 487-4650 This publication may also be purchased from: Superintendent of Documents US Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock Number 041-015-00159-2) Central Intelligence Agency The World Factbook Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five The World Factbook is produced annually by the Directorate of Intelligence of the Central Intelligence Agency. The data are provided by various components of the Central Intelligence Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Bureau of the Census, and the US Department of State. In general, information available as of 1 January 1985 was used in the preparation of this edition, with the following exceptions: Population figures are projected estimates for 1 July 1985; the average annual growth rates listed are projected estimates for the period mid-1984 to mid-1985. Military manpower estimates are as of 1 January 1985, except the numbers of males reaching military age, which are projected averages for the five-year period 1985-89. Major political developments through 22 April 1985 have been included. Comments and queries are welcome and may be addressed to: Central Intelligence Agency Attn: Public Affairs Washington, D.C. 20505 (703) 351-2053 Publications are not available to the public from the Central Intelligence Agency. For information on how to obtain additional copies, see the inside of the front cover. Supersedes the 1984 edition of The World Factbook. CENTRAL CIRCULATION AND BOOKSTACKS The person borrowing this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or return before the Latest Date stamped below. You may be charged a minimum fee of $75.00 for each non-returned or lost item. Theft, mutilation, or defacement of library materials can b* causes for student disciplinary action. All materials owned by the University of Illinois Library are the property of the State of Illinois and are protected by Article 16B of Illinois Criminal low and Procedure. TO RENEW, CALL (217) 333-8400. University of Illinois Library at Urbana-Champalgn AR13 H* J 5 2000 HAY 2* 2m When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. L162 May 1985 I Contents Page Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes Abu Dhabi (see United Arab Emirates) Afghanistan Ajman (see United Arab Emirates) Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Anguilla (formerly St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla) Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Australia 1 1 Austria 1 3 Azores (see Portugal) Bahamas, The 14 Bahrain 16 Balearic Islands (see Spain) Bangladesh 17 Barbados _ 18 Belgian Congo (see Zaire) Belgium 20 Belize (formerly British Honduras) 21 Benin (formerly Dahomey) 23 Bermuda 24 Bjiutan 25 Bioko (see Equatorial Guinea) Bolivia 26 Bophuthatswana (see South Africa) Botswana 27_ Bj^zil 29 British Honduras (see Belize) British Solomon Islands (see Solomon Islands) Brunei 30 Bulgaria 32 Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) 33 Burma 34 JSurundi^ 36 Cabinda (see Angola) Cambodia (formerly Kampuchea) 37 Cameroon 38 Canada 40 Canary Islands (see Spain) Cape Verde 41 Page Central African Republic 42 Ceylon (see Sri Lanka) Chad 44 Chile 45 China (Taiwan listed at end of table) 47 Colombia 48 Comoros 50 Congo 51 Cook Islands 52 Costa Rica 53 Cuba 55 Cyprus 56 Czechoslovakia 58 Dahomey (see Benin) Denmark 59 Djibouti (formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) 61 Dominica 62 Dominican Republic 63 Dubai (see United Arab Emirates) Ecuador 64 Egypt 66 Ellice Islands (see Tuvalu) El Salvador 67 Equatorial Guinea 69 Ethiopia 70 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 72 Faroe Islands 73 Fernando Po (see Equatorial Guinea) Fiji 74 Finland 75 France 77 French Guiana 78 French Polynesia 80 French Territory of the Afars and Issas (see Djibouti) Fujayrah, al (see United Arab Emirates) Gabon 81 Gambia, The 82 Gaza Strip (see West Bank and Gaza Strip, listed at end of table) German Democratic Republic 83 Germany, Federal Republic of 85 Ghana 87 Gibraltar 88 Gilbert Islands (see Kiribati) IV Page Greece 89 Greenland 91 Grenada 92 Guadeloupe 93 Guatemala 94 Guinea 96 Guinea-Bissau (formerly Portuguese Guinea) 97 Guyana 99 H Haiti 100 Honduras 101 Hong Kong 103 Hungary^ 104 Iceland 106 India 107 Indonesia 109 Iran 110 Iraq 112 Ireland 113 Israel (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) 114 Italy 116 Ivory Coast 118 Jamaica 119 Japan 121 Jordan (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) 122 Kampuchea (see Cambodia) Kenya _ 124 Kiribati (formerly Gilbert Islands) __ 125 126 Korea, South _ _ 127 _____ Kuwait 129 L Laos 130 Lebanon _ 132 Lesotho _ 133 Liberia _ _ 135 Libya 136 Liechtenstein _ 137 ____ Luxembourg __ 139 M Macau 140 Madagascar __ 141 Madeira Islands (see Portugal) _ Malagasy Republic (see Madagascar) Malawi 143 Malaysia 144 Page Maldives 147 Mali^ 148 Malta 1 49 Martinique 150 Mauritania 152 Mauritius 153 Mexico 1 54 Monaco 156 Mongolia 157 Morocco 158 Mozambique _Jj>P_ Namibia (South- West A_f ri_ca)_ <^ 161 Nauru 162 Nepal 163 Netherlands 165 Netherlands Antilles 166 New Caledonia 168 New Hebrides (see Vanuatu) New Zealand 169 Nicaragua 170 Niger_ 172 Nigeria 173 Northern Rhodesia (see Zambia) Norway 1 75 O Oman 176 P Pakistan 178 Panama 179 Papua New Guinea 181 Paraguay 182 Pemba (see Tanzania) Peru 184 Philippines 185 Poland 186 Portugal 188 Portuguese Guinea (see Guinea-Bissau) Portuguese Timor (see Indonesia) Qatar 189 Ra's al-Khaymah (see United Arab Emirates) Reunion 190 Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe) Rio Muni (see Equatorial Guinea) Romania 192 Rwanda 193 VI ____ Page St. Christopher and Nevis (formerly St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla) ___ 194 195 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 196 Spanish Sahara (see Western Sahara) Soviet Union 210 Spain 212 Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) 214 Sudan 216 Suriname 217 Swaziland 218 Tanzania 224 Tasmania (see Australia) Thailand_ 226 Togo 227 Tonga 228 Transkei (see South Africa) Trinidad and Tobago ___ 229 Tunisia 231 Turkey 232 Turks and Caicos Islands _ 233 Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands) 234 u San Marino 197 Sao Tome and Principe 199 Saudi_Arabia_ 200 Senegal 201 Seychelles^ 202 Sharjah (see^United Arab Emirates) Sierra Leone 204 Singapore 205 Solomon Islands (formerly British Solomon Islands) 206 Somalia JJ07 South _Africa_ J209 Southern Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe) South- West Africa (see Namibia) Sweden 220 Switzerland 221 Syria 223 Tanganyika (see Tanzania) Umm al-Qaywayn (see United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, al Fujayrah, 237 Ra's al-Khaymah, Sharjah, Umm al-Qaywayn) United Arab Republic (see Egypt) vii Page United Kingdom 238 United States 240 Upper Volta (see Burkina Faso) Uruguay 241 Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides) 243 Vatican City 244 Venezuela 245 Vietnam 246 W Wallis and Futuna 247 Walvis Bay (see South Africa) Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) 248 Western Samoa 249 Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) 250 Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of (South Yemen) 25 1 Yugoslavia 252 Zaire 254 Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia) 255 Zanzibar (see Tanzania) Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia) 257 Taiwan (China listed alphabetically) 258 West Bank and Gaza Strip 260 Appendixes A. The United Nations System 262 B. Selected UN Organizations 263 C. Selected International Organizations 26-1 D. Country Membership in Selected Organizations 266 E. Conversion Table 274 Maps I. The World (Guide to Regional Maps II-XIII) II. North America III. Central America and the Caribbean IV. South America V. Europe VI. Middle East VII. Africa VIII. Soviet Union, East and South Asia IX. Southeast Asia X. Oceania XI. Arctic Region XII. Antarctic Region XIII. Standard Time Zones of the World Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes Fiscal Year: The abbreviation FY stands for fiscal year; all years are calendar years unless otherwise indicated. GDP and GNP: GDP is the total market value of all goods and services produced within the domestic borders of a country over a particular time period, normally a year. GNP equals GDP plus the income accruing to domestic residents arising from investment abroad less income earned in the domestic market accruing to foreigners abroad. Imports, Exports, and Aid: Standard abbreviations used in individual entries throughout this factbook are c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight), f.o.b. (free on board), ODA (official development assistance), and OOF (other official flows). Land Utilization: Most of the land utilization percentages are rough estimates. Figures for "arable" land in some cases reflect the area under cultivation rather than the total cultivable area. Maritime Zones: Fishing and economic zones claimed by coastal states are included only when they differ from territorial sea limits. Maritime claims do not necessarily represent the position of the United States Government. Money: All money figures are in contemporaneous US dollars unless otherwise indicated. Oil Terms: Barrel (bbl) and barrels per day (b/d) are used to express volume of crude oil and refined products; a barrel equals 42.00 gallons, 158.99 liters, 5.61 cubic feet, or 0.16 cubic meters. Note: Some of the countries and governments included in this publication are not fully independent, and others are not officially recognized by the United States Government. Afghanistan Sttre|!onilntipVIII Land 647,497 km 2 ; about the size of Texas; 75% desert, waste, or urban; 22% arable (12% cul- tivated, 10% pasture); 3% forest Land boundaries: 5,510 km People Population: 14,792,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.7%; these estimates in- clude an adjustment for emigration to Pakistan during recent years, but they do not take into account other demographic conse- quences of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan Nationality: noun Afghan(s); adjective Afghan Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtun, 25% Tajik, 9% Uzbek, 9% Hazara; minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baluchi, and others Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim, 25% Shi'a Mus- lim, 1% other Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 10% thirty minor lan- guages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai); much bilingualism Literacy: 12% Labor force: 4.98 million (1980 est); 67.8% agriculture and animal husbandry, 10.2% in- dustry, 6.3% construction, 5.0% commerce, 7.7% services and other; current figures un- available because of fighting (1984) Organized labor: government-controlled unions are being established Government Official name: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Type': Communist regime backed by multidivisional Soviet force Capital: Kabul Political subdivisions: 29 provinces with cen- trally appointed governors Legal system: not established; legal educa- tion at Kabul University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Branches: Revolutionary Council acts as leg- islature and final court of appeal; President of Council acts as chief of state; Cabinet and judiciary responsible to Council; Presidium chosen by Council has full authority when Council not in session; Loya Jirga (Grand Na- tional Assembly) supposed to convene eventually and approve permanent constitu- tion Government leaders: BABRAK Karmal, President of the Revolutionary Council and head of the People's Democratic Party of Af- ghanistan (since December 1979); Soltan Ali KESHTMAND, Prime Minister (since June 1981) Suffrage: universal from age 18 Political parties and leaders: the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) is the sole legal political party; has two factions; the Parchami faction has been in power since December 1979; members of the deposed Khalqi faction continue to hold some impor- tant posts; the Sholaye-Jaweid is a much smaller pro- Beijing group Communists: the PDPA claims 120,000 members Other political or pressure groups: the mili- tary and other branches of internal security are being rebuilt by the Soviets; insurgency continues throughout the country; wide- spread opposition on religious grounds; widespread anti-Soviet sentiment Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG; suspended from OIC in January 1980 Economy GNP: $2.8 billion (FY79), $163 per capita (1984); real growth rate 2.5% (1975-79); cur- rent figures not available (1984) Agriculture: subsistence farming and animal husbandry; main crops wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton Major industries: small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and cement for domestic use; handwoven carpets for export Electric power: 465,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.3 billion kWh produced (1984), 96 kWh per capita Exports: $680 million (f.o.b., 1984); mostly fruits and nuts, natural gas, and carpets Imports: $940 million (c.i.f., 1984); mostly food supplies and petroleum products Major trade partners: exports mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc countries; im- ports mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc countries Budget: current expenditure Af22.7 billion, capital expenditure Af 10.9 billion for FY82 (est.) Monetary conversion rate: 50.6 afghanis=US$l (official, February 1984) Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March Afghanistan (continued) Albania Communications Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge, spur of Soviet line from Kushka (USSR) to Towraghondi and from Termez (USSR) to Kheyrabad Transhipment Point (15 km) on south bank Amu Darya (govern- ment owned) Highways: 18,752 km total (1978); 2,846 km hard surface, 14,035 km gravel and improved earth and unimproved earth and tracks Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles steamers up to about 500 metric tons Pipelines: natural gas, 180 km; crude oil, 68 km Ports: 3 minor river ports; largest Sher Khan Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft Airfields: 41 total, 35 usable; 12 with perma- nent-surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; tele- vision introduced in 1980; telephones 31, 200 (0.2 per 100 popl.); 5 AM and no FM stations, 1 TV station, 1 earth satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Armed Forces, Air and Defense Forces, border guard forces, Defense of the Revolution Force, National Police Force, Government Information Service, People's Militia Military manpower: males 15-49, about 3,507,000; 1,947,000 fit for military service; about 143,000 reach military age (22) annually Supply: dependent on foreign sources, almost exclusively the USSR Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20 March 1984, $210 million, about 63% of cen- tral government budget Late Scur TIRANE Durres^ Adriatic Set See regional map V ta*e Ohrid Ltke Prespa Ionian Sea Land 28,748 km 2 ; slightly larger than Maryland; 43% forest and wood; 21% arable; 19% meadows and pasturef5% permanent crop; 5% inland water; 7% other Land boundaries: 716 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15 nm Coastline: 418 km (including Sazan Island) People Population: 2,968,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.2% Nationality: noun Albanian(s); adjective Albanian Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian; remaining 4% are Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, and Bulgarians Religion: Albania claims to be the world's first atheist state; prewar est. 70% Muslim, 20% Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman Catho- lic; observances prohibited Language: Albanian (Tosk is official dialect), Greek Literacy: 75% Labor force: 584,000 (1978); about 22% agri- culture, 40% industry and commerce, 38% other (1978) Government Official name: People's Socialist Republic of Albania Type: Communist state Capital: Tirane Political subdivisions: 26 rrethet (districts) Legal system: based on constitution adopted in 1976; judicial review of legislative acts only in the Presidium of the People's Assem- bly, which is not a true court; legal education at University of Tirane; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 November Branches: legislature (People's Assembly), Council of Ministers, judiciary Government leaders: Ramiz ALIA, Chair- man, Presidium of the People's Assembly (chief of state; since November 1982); Adil CARCANI, Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier; since November 1982) Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18 Elections: national elections held every four years; last elections 12 November 1982; 100% of electorate voted (with one dissenting vote) Political parties and leaders: Albanian Workers Party only; First Secretary, Ramiz Alia (since April 1985) Communists: 122,600 party members (No- vember 1981); 4.5% of population Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO; has not participated in CEMA since rift with USSR in 1961; officially withdrew from War- saw Pact 13 September 1968 Economy GNP: $2.15 billion (1979); $820 per capita (1981) Algeria Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops corn, wheat, potatoes, tobacco, sugar beets, cotton Major industries: agricultural products and processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, and extractive industries (chrome and oil) Shortages: spare parts, machinery and equipment, wheat Electric power: 1,390,000 kW capacity (1984); 4.635 billion kWh produced (1984), 1, 600 kWh per capita Exports: $151 million (1978); asphalt, bitu- men, and petroleum products; metals and metallic ores; agricultural products, includ- ing vegetables, fruits, and tobacco Imports: $137 million from OECD countries (1982); machinery, machine tools, iron and steel products, textiles, chemicals, pharma- ceuticals Major trade partners: exports Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, Poland, Austria; imports Yugoslavia, Czechoslo- vakia, FRG, Poland, Italy, Greece Budget: (1982 prov.) revenue $1.30 billion, expenditure $1.29 billion; state investment $677.3 billion (1984 planned) Monetary conversion rate: 7. 1328 leks=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar year Communications Railroads: 228 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track, government owned (1980 est); claims over 400 km (1983) Highways: 4,989 km total; 1,287 km paved, 1,609 km crushed stone and/or gravel, 2,093 km improved or unimproved earth (1975) Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sec- tions of Lake Shkoder, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa(1979) Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; refined prod- ucts, 65 km; natural gas, 64 km Freight carried: rail 2.8 million metric tons, 180 million metric ton/km (1971); high- ways 39 million metric tons, 900 million metric ton/km (1971) Ports: 1 major (Durres), 3 minor (1979) Civil air: no civil airline Defense Forces Branches Albanian People's Army, Frontier Troops, Interior Troops, Albanian Coastal Defense Command, Air and Air Defense Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 786,000; 669,000 fit for military service; 32,000 reach military age (19) annually Ships: 4 submarines, 2 mine warfare ships, 54 coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft, 6 mine warfare craft, 2 underway replenishment ships, 1 other auxiliary Military budget: announced for fiscal year endingSl December 1984, 1 billion leks; 11% of total budget Mediterranean Sea See regional map VII Land 2,381 ,47 1km 2 ; more than three times the size of Texas; 80% desert, waste, or urban; 16% pasture and meadows; 3% cultivated; 1% forest Land boundaries: 6,260 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 1,183 km People Population: 22,025,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun Algerian(s); adjective Algerian Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab- Berbers, less than 1% Europeans Religion: 99% Sunni Muslim (state religion); 1% Christian and Jewish Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects Literacy: 46% Labor force: 3.7 million (1984); 40% industry and commerce, 30% agriculture, 17% gov- ernment, 10% services; at least 11% of urban labor unemployed Algeria (continued) Organized labor: 16-19% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is the only labor organization and is subordinate to the National Liberation Front Government Official name: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Type: republic Capital: Algiers Political subdivisions: 48 wilayas (depart- ments or provinces); 160 dairat (admin- istrative districts); 691 communes Legal system: based on French and Islamic law, with socialist principles; new constitu- tion adopted by referendum November 1976; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of vari- ous public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court di- vided into four chambers; legal education at Universities of Algiers, Oran, and Constan- tine; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 Novem- ber Branches: executive; unicameral legislature (National People's Assembly); judiciary Government leaders: Col. Chadli BENDJEDID, President (since February 1979); Abdelhanio BRAHIM, Prime Minister (since January 1984) Suffrage: universal over age 19 Elections (latest): presidential 12 January 1984; departmental assemblies 2 June 1974; local assemblies 30 March 1975; legislative 5 March 1982 Political parties and leaders: National Liber- ation Front (FLN), secretary General Chadli Bendjedid Communists: 400 (est.); Communist Party illegal (banned 1962) Member of: Af DB, AIOEC, Arab League, ASSIMER, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GDP: $51.9 billion (1984 est.), $2,430 per capita; 4.0% real growth in 1984 Agriculture: main crops wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus fruits, dates, veg- etables, sheep, cattle, industrial crops Major industries: petroleum, light indus- tries, natural gas, mining, petrochemical, electrical, automotive plants (under con- struction), and food processing Crude steel: 842,000 metric tons produced (1982) Electric power: 3,113,000 kW capacity (1984); 12.546 billion kWh produced (1984), 587 kWh per capita Exports: $12.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); major items petroleum and gas 98.0%; US 39.0%, France 23.0% (1984) Imports: $10.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); major items capital goods 35.0%, semifinished goods 25.0%, foodstuffs 18.0%; France 25.7%, US 6.0% Major trade partners: US, FRG, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Canada Budget: $20 billion revenue, $20 billion expenditure (1984) Monetary conversion rate: 5.01 Algerian dinars=US$l (August 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 3,908 km total; 2,659 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,129 km 1.055-meter gauge, 120 km 1.000-meter gauge; 302 km electrified; 193 km double track Highways: 78,410 km total; 45,070 km con- crete or bituminous, 33,340 km gravel, crushed stone, unimproved earth Pipelines: crude oil, 6,612 km; refined prod- ucts, 298 km; natural gas, 2,948 km Ports: 6 major, 6 secondary, 10 minor Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft Airfields: 161 total, 153 usable; 55 with per- manent-surface runways; 28 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 72 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Defense Forces Branches: Armed Forces, Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,722,000; 2,919,000 fit for military service; 239,000 reach military age (19) annually Andorra See regional map V Land 466 km 2 ; half the size of New York City Land boundaries: 105 km People Population: 47,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 5.4% Nationality: noun Andorran(s); adjec- tive Andorran Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 61 % Spanish, 30% Andorran, 6% French, 3% other Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic Language: Catalan (official); many also speak some French and Castilian Literacy: 100% Labor force: unorganized (unions prohib- ited); largely shepherds and farmers Government Official name: Principality of Andorra Type: unique co-principality under formal sovereignty of President of France and Span- ish Bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials called verguers Capital: Andorra la Vella Political subdivisions: 7 districts Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; Plan of Reform adopted 1866 serves as constitution; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Branches: legislative (General Council of the Valleys) consisting of 28 members; execu- tive syndic (manager) and a deputy subsyndic chosen by General Council; judi- ciary chosen by Co-princes who appoint two civil judges, a judge of appeals, and two batlles (court prosecutors); final appeal to the Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan, France, or to the Ecclesiastical Court of the Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain Government leaders: head of state Francois MITTERRAND (President of France; since 1981) and Juan Marti ALANIS (Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain; since 1971), Co-Princes; Syndic Francesc CERQUEDA Pasquet (since 1982); Subsyndic Josep Maria MAS Pons (since 1982); head of gov- ernmentOscar RIBAS Reig (Chief Executive; since 1982) Suffrage: those of 21 or over who are third generation Andorrans vote for General Council members Elections: General Council chosen every four years; last election December 1981 Political parties and leaders: political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political parties but only partisans for par- ticular independent candidates for the General Council, on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward Spain or France; various small pressure groups devel- oped in 1972; first formal political party Andorran Democratic Association formed in 1976, reorganized in 1979 as Andorran Democratic Party Communists: negligible Member of: UNESCO Economy Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and some vegetables (less than 4% of land is arable) Major industries: tourism (particularly ski- ing), sheep, timber, tobacco, and smuggling Electric power: 35,000 kW capacity (1984); 140 million kWh produced (1984), 3,121 kWh per capita; power is mainly exported to Spain and France Major trade partners: Spain, France Monetary conversion rate: 9.375 French francs=US$l (October 1984); 169.96 Spanish pesetas=US$l (October 1984) Communications Railroads: none Highways: about 96 km Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: none Telecommunications: international landline circuits to Spain and France; 1 AM station, 1 FM station, 1 TV station; about 12,800 tele- phones (43.5 per 100 popl.); about 7,000 radio receivers (1982) Defense Forces Andorra has no defense forces; Spain and France are responsible for protection as needed Angola Sec regional map VII Land 1,246,700 km 2 ; larger than California and Texas combined; 44% forest; 22% meadow and pasture; 1 % cultivated; 33% other (in- cluding fallow) Land boundaries: 5,070 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 20 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 1,600km People Population: 7,953,000, including Cabinda (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.7%; Cabinda, 129,000(July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun Angolan(s); adjecti Angolan Ethnic divisions: 38% Ovimbundu, 23% Kimbundu, 13% Bakongo, 2% Mestico, 1% European Religion: 68% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes- tant, about 10% indigenous beliefs Language: Portuguese (official); various Bantu dialects ' Literacy: 20% Labor force: 1,865,000 economically active (mid-1980 est); 60% agriculture, 15% industry Organized labor: approx. 450,695 (1980) Government Official name: People's Republic of Angola Type: people's republic Capital: Luanda Political subdivisions: 18 provinces includ- ing the coastal exclave of Cabinda Legal system: formerly based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; being modified along "socialist" model National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November Branches: the official party is the supreme political institution; legislative National People's Assembly Government leader: Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS, President (since September 1979) Suffrage: to be determined Elections: none held to date Political parties and leaders: Popular Move- ment for the Liberation of Angola-Labor Party (MPLA-Labor Party), led by dos Santos, only legal party; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), defeated in civil war, carrying out insurgen- Member of: Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $4.2 billion (1981 est.), $550 per capita, 0.1% real growth (1981) Agriculture: cash crops coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, and tobacco; food crops cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas, and other local foodstuffs; largely self-sufficient in food Fishing: catch 1 12,000 metric tons (1982) Major industries: mining (oil, diamonds), fish processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar pro- cessing, textiles, cement, food processing plants, building construction Electric power: 630,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.650 billion kWh produced (1984), 212 kWh per capita Exports: est. $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1983); oil, coffee, diamonds, sisal, fish and fish prod- ucts, iron ore, timber, corn, and cotton Imports: est. $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); capital equipment (machinery and electrical equip- ment), wines, bulk iron and ironwork, steel and metals, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; military deliveries partially offset drop in imports in 1975-77 Major trade partners: Cuba, USSR, Portugal, and US Budget: (1981) est. reserve $2.0 billion; est. total expenditures $3.5 billion Monetary conversion rate: 30.214 kwanza=US$l (December 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067- meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bitumi- nous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth Inland waterways: 1,165 km navigable Ports: 3 major (Luanda, Lobito, Namibe), 5 minor Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft Airfields: 354 total, 272 usable; 26 with per- manent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 68 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Anguilla Telecommunications: fair system of wire, radio-relay and troposcatter routes; HF used extensively for military /Cuban links; 2 At- lantic Ocean satellite stations; 40,300 telephones (0.7 per lOOpopl.); 16AM, 13 FM, and 2 TV stations Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/Air De- fense; paramilitary forces Peoples' Police Corps, Peoples' Defense Organization, Fron- tier Guard Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,757,000; 885,000 fit for military service; 74,000 reach military age (20) annually Prickly Pear Cays THE VALLEY Caribbean Sea See rpRionil map III Land Anguilla, 91 km 2 ; about one-half the size of Washington, D.C.; Sombrero, 5 km 2 People Population: 7,000 (1982 est.) Nationality: noun Anguillan(s); adjec- tive Anguillan Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent Religion: Anglican and Methodist Language: English (official) Literacy: 80% Labor force: 2,000 Anguillans living overseas send remittances home; high unemployment (40% in 1977) Organized labor: none Government Official name: Anguilla Type: British dependent territory Capital: The Valley Legal system: based on English common law; constitution came into effect on 1 April 1982 Branches: 11-member House of Assembly, seven-member Executive Council Government leaders: Allistair BAILLE, Governor (since February 1984); Emile GUMBS, Chief Minister (since March 1984) Suffrage: native born; resident before sepa- ration from St. Christopher-Nevis; 15 years residence for "belonger" status Elections: general election, March 1984 Political parties and leaders: Anguilla Na- tional Alliance (ANA), Emile Gumbs; Anguillan People's Party (APP), Ronald Webster Voting strength: ANA, 4 seats; APP, 2 seats; 1 independent Communists: none Member of: Commonwealth Economy GDP: unknown (January 1985) Agriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet pota- toes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry Fishing: inshore and reef fishing; catch un- known Major industries: lobster exports, tourism, salt Electric power: 1,500,000 kW capacity (1984); 2 million kWh produced (1984), 285 kWh per capita Exports: lobsters Budget: revenue, EC $9,899,801 (1982); ex- penditure, EC $10,759,868 (1982); grant-in- aid, EC $1,081,000 (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib- bean dollars=$USl (February 1984) Fiscal year: probably calendar Anguilla (continued) Antigua and Barbuda Communications Railroads: none Highways: approximately 60 km surfaced Inland waterways: none Ports: I major (Road Bay), 1 minor (Blowing Point) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfield: 1 with permanent-surface runways of 1,100 m at Wallblake Airport Telecommunications: modem internal tele- phone system (1,200 telephones est.); 1 radio broadcasting service Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of UK Branches: Police drington Barbuda Caribbean Sea SAINT JOHN'S, Antigua tRedonda See regional mtp III Land 280 km 2 ; less than two-thirds the size of New York City; 54% arable; 18% waste and built on; 14% forest; 9% unused but potentially productive; 5% pasture; the islands of Re- donda (less than 2.6 km and uninhabited) and Barbuda (161 km) are dependencies Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (200 nm economic zone) Coastline: 153 km People Population: 80,000 (July 19&5), average an- nual growth rate 0% Nationality: noun Antiguan(s); adjective Antiguan Ethnic divisions: almost entirely African Negro Religion: Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic Language: English Literacy: about 88% Organized labor: 18,000, 22-26% unemploy- ment (1983 est.) Government Official name: Antigua and Barbuda Type: independent state recognizing Eliza- beth II as Chief of State Capital: St. John's Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 depen- dencies (Barbuda, Redonda) Legal system: based on English law; British Caribbean Court of Appeal has exclusive original jurisdiction and an appellate juris- diction, consists of Chief Justice and five justices Branches: bicameral legislative, 17-member popularly elected House of Representatives and 17-member Senate; executive, Prime Minister and Cabinet Government leaders: Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr., Prime Minister (since 1976); Lester BIRD, Deputy Prime Minister (since 1976); Sir Wilfred Elx>nezer JACOBS, Governor General (since 1967) Suffrage: universal suffrage age 18 and over Elections: every five years; last general elec- tion 17 April 1984 Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. Bird, Sr., Lester Bird; United People's Movement (UPM), George Herbert Walter; Progressive Labor Move- ment (PLM), Robert Hall Voting strength: (1984 election) House of Representatives ALP, 16 seats; indepen- dent, 1 seat Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM), a small leftist nationalist group led by Leonard "Tim" Hector Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, G-77, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ISO, OAS, UN, UNESCO Argentina Economy GDP: $129.5 million (1982), $1,682 per capita Agriculture: main crop, cotton Major industries: tourism, cotton production Electric power: 43,000 kW capacity (1984); 61 million kWh produced (1984), 756 kWh per capita Exports: $34.5 million (1985); clothing, rum, lobsters Imports: $138.1 million (c.i.f., 1982); fuel, food, machinery Major trade partners: 30% UK, 25% US, 18% Commonwealth Caribbean countries (1975) Aid: economic bilateral commitments, ODA and OOF (1970-80) from Western (non-US) countries, $20 million; no military aid Budget: (current) revenues, $107.5 million (1983); expenditures, $124.5 million (1983) Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib- bean (EC) dollars=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-30 March Communications Railroads: 64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, 13 km 0.610-meter gauge, employed almost exclusively for handling cane Highways: 240 km main Ports: 1 major (St. Johns), 1 minor Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft Airfields: 2lo(a\, 1 usable; 1 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones (9.2 per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter links with Saba and Gua- deloupe; 5 AM and 2 FM stations; 1 TV station; 1 coaxial submarine cable; about 19,000 radio and 16,000 television receivers (1982) Defense Forces Branches: Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police Force Major ground units: Defense Force Aircraft: none 900km See regional map IV Land 2,766,889 km 2 ; four times the size of Texas; 57% agricultural (46% natural meadow, 11% crop, improved pasture, and fallow); 25% for- est; 18% mountain, urban, or waste Land boundaries: 9,414 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (continental shelf, including sovereignty over superjacent waters) Coastline: 4,989 km People Population: 30,708,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: noun Argentine(s); adjec- tive Argentine Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white, 15% mestizo, Indian, or other non white groups Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 6% other Language: Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French Literacy: 94% Argentina (continued) Labor force: 1 1.2 million (1982 est); 19% ag- riculture, 25% manufacturing, 20% services, 11% commerce, 6% transport and communi- cations, 19% o'ther; 6% estimated unem- ployment (1982 est.) Organized labor: 25% of labor force (est.) Government Official name: Argentine Republic Type: republic; changed from military to ci- vilian government in December 1983 Capital: Buenos Aires Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 district (Federal Capital), and 1 territory Legal system: mixture of US and West Euro- pean legal systems; constitution adopted 1853 is in effect; legal education at University of Buenos Aires and other public and private universities; has not accepted compulsory IOJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May Branches: executive (President, Vice Presi- dent, Cabinet); legislative (National Congress Senate, Chamber of Deputies); national judiciary Government leaders: Raul ALFONSIN, President (since December 1983); Victor MARTINEZ, Vice President (since Decem- ber 1983) Elections: general elections held 30 October 1983; next congressional elections scheduled for 1985 Political parties: operate under statute passed in 1983 that sets out criteria for par- ticipation in national elections; Radical Civic Union (UCR) moderately left of center; Justicialist Party (JP) Peronist umbrella po- litical organization; Movement for Industrial Development (MID); Intransigent Party (PI); several provincial parties Communists: some 70,000. members in vari- ous party organizations, including a small nucleus of activists Other political or pressure groups: Peronist- dominated labor movement. General Economic Confederation (Peronist-leaning association of small businessmen), Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' associa- tion), Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association), business organiza- tions, students, the Catholic Church Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC Inter- national Whaling Commission, IWC International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG Economy GNP: $58.2 billion (1982), $1,995 per capita; 80% consumption, 14% investment; 6% net exports; real GDP growth rate 1983, 3.1% Agriculture: main products cereals, oil- seed, livestock products; major world exporter of temperate zone foodstuffs Fishing: catch 475,770 metric tons (1982); ex- ports $177.3 million (1983 est.) Major industries: food processing (especially meat packing), motor vehicles, consumer du- rables, textiles, chemicals, printing, and metallurgy Crude steel: 1.8 thousand metric tons pro- duced (1984) Electric power: 13,661,000 kW capacity (1984); 39.5 billion kWh produced (1984), 1,312 kWh per capita Exports: $7.8 billion (f.o.b., 1983); meat, corn, wheat, wool, hides, oilseed Imports: $4.5 billion (c.i.f., 1983); machin- ery, lubricating oils, iron and steel, intermediate industrial products Major trade partners: (1983) exports 20% USSR, 9% Brazil, 9% Netherlands, 9% US, 6% Italy, 6% FRG, 5% Japan, 2% Spain; im- ports 22% US, 10% Brazil, 10% FRG, 6% Japan, 6% Italy, 2% Chile Budget: (1983) general government revenues $15.8 billion; expenditures $22.2 billion at average annual exchange rate Monetary conversion rate: 104.2 pesos argentinos=US$l (October 1984); Argentina redenominated its currency 1 June 1983; 10,000 pesos=l peso argentino Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 35,476 km total; 3,086 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 22,788 km 1.676- meter broad gauge, 13,461 km 1.000-meter gauge, 403 km 0.750-meter gauge; of total in country, 116 km are electrified Highways: 208, 100 km total, of which 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101 ,000 km im- proved earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 11,000km navigable Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil; 2,200 km re- fined products; 9,918 km natural gas Ports: 7 major, 30 minor Civil air: 54 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1,840 total, 1,694 usable; 125 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,695 m, 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 324 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: extensive modern sys- tem; telephone network has 3.23 million sets (10.3 per 100 popl.), radio relay widely used; 2 satellite stations with 3 Atlantic Ocean an- tennas; 154 AM, 45 FM, and 191 TV stations; 30 station network domestic satellite 10 Australia Defense Forces Branches: Argentine Army, Navy of the Ar- gentine Republic, Argentine Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture, National Aeronautical Police Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,601,000; 6,168,000 fit for military service; 251,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: proposed defense budget for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $2.0 billion; 12.9% of central government budget Coral Sea ' Indian Ocean See regional map X Bight*', "*^ boume r\^Tasman Sea Land 7,686,848 km 2 ; almost as large as the continential US; 58% pasture; 6% arable; 2% forest; 34% other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm; prawn and crayfish on conti- nental shelf) Coastline: about 25,760 km People Population: 15,658,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.3% Nationality: noun Australian(s); adjec- tive Australian Ethnic divisions: 99% Caucasian, 1% Asian and aborigine Religion: 27.7% Anglican, 25.7% Roman Catholic, 25.2% other Protestant Language: English, native languages Literacy: 98.5% Labor force: 7.2 million (November 1984); 8.7% unemployment (December 1984) Organized labor: 57% of total employees (December 1982) Government Official name: Commonwealth of Australia Type: federal parliamentary state recogniz- ing Elizabeth II as sovereign or head of state Capital: Canberra Political subdivisions: 6 states and 2 territo- ries Australian Capital Territory (Canberra) and Northern Territory Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1900; High Court has jurisdiction over cases involving interpreta- tion of the constitution; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Australia Day, 26 January Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal Parliament Senate and House of Represen- tatives); Prime Minister and Cabinet responsible to House; independent judiciary Government leaders: Sir Ninian STEPHEN, Governor General (since July 1982); Robert HAWKE, Prime Minister (since March 1983) Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18 Elections: held at three-year intervals or sooner if Parliament is dissolved by Prime Minister; last election 1 December 1984 Political parties and leaders: government Australian Labor Party (Robert Hawke); op- position Liberal Party (Andrew Peacock), National Party (Ian Sinclair), Australian Democratic Party (Donald L. Chipp), Nu- clear Disarmament Party (Michael Denborough) Voting strength: (1984 parliamentary elec- tion) House of Representatives Labor Party 82 seats, Liberal-National coalition 66 seats; Senate Labor Party 34 seats, Liberal-Coun- try coalition 33 seats, Australian Democratic Party 7 seats, Nuclear Disarmament Party 1 seat, independents 1 seat Communists: 4,000 members (est.) 11 Australia (continued) Other political or pressure groups: Austra- lian Democratic Lalxir Party (anti- Communist Labor Party splinter group) Member of: ADB, A1OEC, ANZUS, CIPEC (associate), Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, DAC, ELDO, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Whal- ing C Commission, IWC International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GDP: $14-1.1 billion (1983), $9,440 per cap- ita; 62% private consumption, 17.5% government expenditure, 21% investment; 2.2% real average annual growth (1976-82) Agriculture: large areas devoted to grazing; 60% of area used for crops is planted in wheat; major products wool, livestock, wheat, fruits, sugarcane; self-sufficient in fcxxl Major industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals Crude steel: 5.6 million metric tons produced (1983) Electric power: 28,950,000 kW capacity (1984); 107.4 billion kWh produced (1984), 6,950 kWh per capita Exports: $20.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal products coal, wool, wheat, iron ore, beef Imports: $19.4 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal products manufactured raw materials, capital equipment, consumer goods Major trade partners: (1982-83) exports 26% Japan, 12% US, 6% New Zealand, 4% North Korea, 4% Singapore, 3% USSR; im- ports 21 % US, 21% Japan, 6% UK, 6% FRG, 4% New Zealand Aid: donor ODA and OOF economic aid commitments (1970-82), $5.7 billion Budget: (FY83-84) expenditures, A$56.7 bil- lion; receipts, A$48.3 billion; deficit, A$8.4 billion Monetary conversion rate: 1.23 Australian dollar=US$l (1 January 1985) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: 42,855 km total (1980); 9,689 km 1.600-meter gauge, 15,783 km 1.435-meter* standard gauge, 17,383km 1.067-meter gauge; 900 km electrified (June 1979); gov- ernment owned (except for a few hundred kilometers of privately owned track) Highways: 837,872 km total (1980); 243,750 km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km unim- proved earth Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft Pipelines: crude oil, 2,400 km; refined prod- ucts, 500 km; natural gas, 5,600 km Ports: 12 major, numerous minor Civil air: around 150 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1,067 total, 1,023 usable; 220 with permanent-surface runways, 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 18 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 502 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: very good interna- tional and domestic service; 7.4 million telephones(52 per 100 popl.); 223 AM, 5 FM, and 111 TV stations; 3 earth satellite stations; submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Guam Defense Forces Branches: Royal Australian Air Force, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,158,000; 3,542,000 fit for military service; 139,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1985, $5.3 billion; about 9.1% of total central government budget 12 Austria See rf ional mip V Land 83,835 km-; slightly smaller than Maine; 38% forest; 26% meadow and pasture; 20% culti- vated; 15% waste or urban; 1% inland water Land boundaries: 2,582 km People Population: 7,540,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0% Nationality: noun Austrian(s); adjective Austrian Ethnic divisions: 99.4% German, 0.3% Cro- atian, 0.2% Slovene, 0.1% other Religion: 88% Roman Catholic, 6% Protes- tant, 6% none or other Language: German Literacy: 98% Labor force: 2.9 million (1983); 41.1% indus- try and crafts, 57.55% services, 1.35% agriculture and forestry; 4.1% unemployed (October 1984); an estimated 200,000 Austri- ans are employed in other European countries; foreign laborers in Austria number 142,030(1984) Organized lalxir: 61.4% of wage and salary workers (1983) Government Official name: Republic of Austria Type: federal republic Capital: Vienna Political subdivisions: 9 states (lander) in- cluding the capital Legal system: civil law system with Roman law origin; constitution adopted 1920, repromulgated 1945; judicial review of legis- lative actsby a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; legal education at Universities of Vi- enna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg, and Linz; has not accepted compulsory 1C) jurisdiction National holiday: 26 October Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal As- sembly Federal Council, National Council), directly elected President whose functions are largely representational, inde- pendent federal judiciary Government leaders: Rudolf KIRCH- SCHLAGER, President (since July 1974); Fred SINOWATZ, Chancellor (since May 1983), leads a Socialist/Freedom Party of Austria coalition Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory for presidential elections Elections: presidential, every six years (next 1986); parliamentary, every four years (next 1987) Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party of Austria (SPO), Fred Sinowatz, chairman; Austrian People's Party (OVP), Alois Mock, chairman; Liberal Party (FPO), Norbert Steger, chairman; Communist Party (KPO), Franz Muhri, chairman; Alternative List Austria (ALO), no leader; United Greens (VGO), Josef Buchner, leader Voting strength: (1983 election, prelimi- nary) parliamentary SPO 47.&5%, OVP 43.22%, FPO 4.98%, VGO 1.93%, ALO 1.26%, KPO 0.66% Communists: meml>ership 15,000 est.; activ- ists 7,000-8,000 Other political or pressure groups: Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Aus- trian Trade Union Federation (primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Aus- trian People's Party (OVP) representing business, lal>or, and farmers; theOVP- oriented League of Austrian Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, ECE, EFTA, EMA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IDB Inter-American Devel- opment Bank, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WSG Economy GNP: $67.24 billion (1983), $8,904 per cap- ita; 57% private consumption, 19% public consumption, 22%- investment; 1983 real GNP growth rate, 1.9% Agriculture: livestock, forest products, cere- als, potatoes, sugar beets; 84% self-sufficient Major industries: foods, iron and steel, ma- chinery, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and pulp; beer sales, 7,682,150 hectoliters (1981) Crude steel: 4.4 million metric tons produced (1983) Electric power: 14,610,000 kW capacity (1984); 43.750 billion kWh produced (1984), 5,800 kWh per capita Exports: $15.43 billion (f.o.b., 1983); iron and steel products, machinery and equipment, lumber, textiles, paper products, chemicals Imports: $19.40 billion (c.i.f., 1983); machin- ery and equipment, chemicals, textiles and clothing, petroleum, foodstuffs, cars 13 Austria (continued) The Bahamas Major trade partners: (1983) imports 41.5% FRG, 8.9% Italy, 6.2% East Europe (excluding USSR), 4.8% Switzerland, 4.3% USSR, 3.4% US, exports 30.8% FRG, 8.9% Italy, 8.2% East Europe (excluding USSR), 7.4% OPEC, 6.8% Switzerland Aid: donor bilateral economic aid commit- ments (OD A and OOF), $ 1 . 1 billion ( 1 970-82) Budget: expenditures, $24.31 billion; reve- nues, $19.03 billion; deficit, $5.28 billion (1984) Monetary conversion rate: 17.96 schillings=US$l (1983 average); 20.50 shillings=US$l (third quarter 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 6,497 km total; 5.857 km govern- ment owned; 5,403 km 1.435-meter standard gauge of which 3,017 km electrified and 1,520 km double tracked; 454 km 0.760- meter narrow gauge of which 91 km electri- fied; 640 km privately owned 1.435- and 1.000-meter gauge Highways: 95,412 km total; 34,612 km are the classified network (including 1,012 km of autobahn, 10,400 km of federal and 23,200 km of provincial roads); of this number, ap- proximately 21,812 km are paved and 12,800 km are unpaved; additionally, there are 60,800km of communal roads(mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth) Inland waterways: 427 km Ports: 2 major river (Vienna, Linz) Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,61 1 km natural gas; 171 km refined products Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft Airfields: 55 total, 53 usable; 17 with perma- nent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: highly developed and efficient; extensive TV and radiobroadcast systems with 160 AM, 536 FM, and 988 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT sta- tion; 3.33 million telephones (44.1 per 100 popl.) Defense Forces Branches: Army, Flying Division Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,944,000; 1,646,000 fit for military service; 65,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $770 million; about 3.6% of the proposed federal budget 200km Great Inagua See regional mip 111 Land 13,934 km 2 ; about the size of Connecticut; nation is made up an archipelago of some 700 islands and keys; 29% forest; 1% cultivated; 70% built on, wasteland, and other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 3,542 km (New Providence Island, 76km) People Population: 232,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 2.0% Nationality: noun Bahamian(s); adjec- tive Bahamian Ethnic divisions: 85% black, 15% white Religion: Baptist 29%, Anglican 23%, Roman Catholic 22%, smaller groups of other Protes- tants, Greek Orthodox, and Jews Language: English; some Creole among Haitian immigrants Literacy: 89% Labor force: 82,000(1982); 30% government, 25% hotels and restaurants, 10% business ser- vices, 6% agriculture; 30% unemployment (1983) Organized labor: 25% organized 14 Government Official name: The Commonwealth of The Bahamas Type: independent commonwealth rec- ognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: Nassau (New Providence Island) Legal system: based on English law National holiday: Independence Day, 10 July Branches: bicameral legislature (Parlia- ment apppointed Senate, elected House of Assembly); executive (Prime Minister and Cabinet); judiciary Government leaders: Lynden Oscar PIND- LING, Prime Minister (since 1969); Sir Gerald C. CASH, Governor General (since 1979) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: House of Assembly (June 1982); next election due constitutionally in five years Political parties and leaders: Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), predominantly black, Lynden O. Pindling; Free National Move- ment (FNM), Kendal Isaacs, Cecil Wallace- Whitfield Voting strength: 73,309 registered voters (July 1977); (1982 election) House of Assem- bly PLP (55%) 32 seats, FNM (45%) 11 seats, others (3%) seats Communists: none known Other political or pressure group: Vanguard Nationalist and Socialist Party (VNSP), a small leftist party headed by John McCartney Member of: CARICOM, CDB, Common- wealth, FAO, G-77, GATT(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAS, PAHO, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $1.4 billion (1982), $6,581 per capita; real growth rate 2% (1982) Agriculture: food importer; main crops fish, fruits, vegetables Major industries: banking, tourism, cement, oil refining and transhipment, lumber, salt production, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuti- cals, spiral weld, and steel pipe Electric power: 348,000 kW capacity (1984); 880 million kWh produced (1984), 3,860 kWh per capita Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); pharma- ceuticals, cement, rum, crayfish Imports: $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); food stuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels Major trade partners: exports US 90%, UK 10%; imports Iran 30%, Nigeria 20%, US 10%, EC 10%, Gabon 10% (1981) Aid: economic bilateral commitments, in- cluding Ex-Im (1970-82), from US, $42 million; from other Western countries (1970- 82), $136 million; no military aid Budget: (1982 actual) revenues, $305 million; expenditures, $369 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahamian dollar=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved, 1,050 km gravel Ports: 2 major (Freeport, Nassau), 9 minor Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft Airfields: 61 total, 56 usable; 29 with perma- nent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: telecom facilities highly developed, including 78,150 tele- phones(35 per lOOpopl.) in totally automatic system; tropospheric scatter link with Flor- ida; 3 AM and 2 FM stations; 1 TV station; 3 coaxial submarine cables Defense Forces Branches: Royal Bahamas Defense Force (a coast guard element only), Royal Bahamas Police Force Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982 $28.7 million, about 7.7% of the total budget 15 Bahrain Persian Gull See regional map VI Land 676 km- plus group of 32 smaller islands; smaller (ban New York City; 5% cultivated, negligible forest; remainder desert, waste, or urban Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 161 km People Population: 427,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 3.8% Nationality: noun Bahraini(s); adjective Bahraini Ethnic divisions: 63% Bahrain!, 13% Asian, 10% other Arab, 8% Iranian, 6% other Religion: Muslim (60% Shi'a, 40% Sunni) Language: Arabic (official); English also widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu Literacy: 40% Labor force: 140,000(1982); 42% of lalx>r force is Bahrain!; 85% industry and com- merce, 5% agriculture, 5% services, 3% government Government Official name: State of Bahrain Type : traditional monarchy; independent since 1971 Capital: Manama Legal system: based on Islamic law and En- glish common law; constitution went into effect Decemlxr 1973 National holiday: 16 December Branches: Amir rules with help of a Cabinet led by Prime Minister; Amir dissolved the National Assembly in August 1975 and sus-. pended the constitutional provision for election of the Assembly; independent judi- ciary Government leader: Isa bin Sulman Al KHALIFA, Amir (since November 1961) Suffrage: none Political parties and pressure groups: politi- cal parties prohibited; several small, clandestine leftist and Shi'a fundamentalist groups are active Communists: negligible Memher of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT(de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDB Islamic Development Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $4.0 billion at current prices ( 1 982 est. ), $10,000 per capita; real growth rate 9% (1981) Agriculture: not self-sufficient in food pro- duction; produces some fruit and vegetables; dairy and poultry farming; shrimping and fishing Major industries: petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore bank- ing, ship repairing Electric power: 1,408,000 kW capacity (1984); 5.952 billion kWh pnxluced (1984), 1 4,480 kWh per capita Exports: $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1983); nonoil ex- ports $614 million (1983); oil exports $2.6 billion (1983) Imports: $3.3 billion (c.i.f., 1983); nonoil im- ports $1.9 billion (1983); oil imports $1.4 billion (1983) Major trade partners: Japan, UK, US, Saudi Arabia Budget :( 1983) $843 million current expendi- ture, $691 million capital Monetary conversion rate: 0.376 Bahrain dinar=US$l (December 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 225 km bituminous surfaced; un- determined mileage of natural surface tracks; 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Ara- bia is under construction with completion scheduled for January 1986 Ports: 1 major (Bahrain), 1 minor, 1 petro- leum, oil, and lubricant terminal Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km'; refined prod- ucts, 16 km; natural gas, 32 km Civil air: 3 major transix>rt aircraft Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 in; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent interna- tional telecommunications; adequate domestic services; 86,000 telephones (24.4 per 1 00 popl. ); 2 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 AtlanticOcean, 1 Indian Ocean, and 1 Arab satellite station; tropospheric scatter and mi- crowave to Oatar, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia 16 Bangladesh Defense Forces Branches: Army, Naval Wing, Air Wing Military manpower: males 15-49, 121,000; 71,000 fit for military service Supply: from several West European coun- tries, especially France and UK Bay of Bengal See regional map VIII Land 143,998 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Wisconsin; 66% arable (including cultivated and fallow); 18% uncultivated (not available); 16% forest Land boundaries: 2,535 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 580 km People Population: 101 ,408,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun Bangladeshi(s); adjec- tive Bangladesh Ethnic divisions: 98% Bengali; 250,000 "Biharis" and fewer than one million tribals Religion: 83% Muslim, about 16% Hindu, less than 1% Buddhist, Christian, and other Language: Bangla (official), English widely used Literacy: 25% Labor force: 32.4 million (FY83); extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, and Kuwait; 74% of labor force is in agricul- ture, 15% services, 11% industry and commerce (FY8 1/82) Government Official name: People's Republic of Bangla- desh Type: republic; under martial law since 24 March 1982 Capital: Dhaka Political subdivisions: 21 districts, to be re- vised to approximately 370 thanas (rural townships), consisting of 4,470 unions (village groupings) Legal system: martial law currently prevails and civilian legal system suspended; tradi- tionally based on English common law; constitution adopted December 1972; amended January 1975 to more authoritar- ian presidential system; changed by proclamation in April 1977 to reflect Islamic- character of nation; further change, by proc- lamation in December 1978, to provide for the appointments of the Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister, as well as other ministers of Cabinet rank, and to further de- fine the powers of the President National holiday: National Day, 26 March Branches: constitution (currently suspended) provides for unicameral legislature (Parlia- ment), strong President; independent judiciary; President has substantial control over the judiciary Government leaders: Lt. Gen. Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD, President and Chief Martial Law Administrator (since March 1982) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: some local elections held in De- cember 1983; higher local elections scheduled for December 1984 postponed; presidential and parliamentary elections may be held in 1985 Political parties and leaders: Bangladesh Na- tionalist Party, Begum Ziaur Rahman; Awami League, Sheikh Hasina Wazed; United People's Party, Kazi Zafar Ahmed; 17 Bangladesh (continued) Barbados Democratic League, Khondakar Mushtaque Ahmed; Muslim League, Khan A. Sabur; Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (National Socialist Party), M. A. Jalil; Bangladesh Communist Party (pro-Soviet), Mohammad Farhad; nu- merous small parties; political activity banned following March 1982 coup; ban lifted in March 1984 Communists: 2,500 members (est.) Member of: ADB, Afro- Asian People's Soli- darity Organization, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IRC, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $11.6 billion (FY83, current prices), $121 per capita; real growth, 5.1% (FY83) Agriculture: large-scale subsistence farming, heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall; main crops are jute and rice; shortages grain, cotton, and oilseed Fishing: catch 426,000 metric tons (1982) Major industries: jute manufactures, food processing, and cotton textiles Electric power: 1,025,000 kW capacity (1984); 3.86 billion kWh produced (1984), 39 kWh per capita Exports: $650 million (f.o.b., FY83); raw and manufactured jute, leather, tea Imports: $2.3 billion (c.i.f., FY83); food- grains, fuels, raw cotton, fertilizer, manu- factured products Major trade partners: exports US 10%, Mo- zambique 7%, Iran 6.1%, Pakistan 5%, Sudan 5%; imports Western Europe 16%, Japan 12%, US 6% (FY83) Budget: (FY83) current expenditures, $800 million; capital expenditures, $1.1 billion Monetary conversion rate: 25.65 takas= US$1 (October 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: 4,085 km total (1980); 2,198 km 1.000-meter gauge, 1,852km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 35 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge, 300 km double track; government owned Highways: 45,633 km total; 4,076 km paved, 2,693 km gravel, 38,864 km earth Inland waterways: 7,000 km; river steamers navigate main waterways Ports: 1 major (Chittagong), 2 minor Pipelines: 610 km natural gas Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft Airfields: 18 total, 13 usable; 14 with perma- nent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate interna- tional radio communications and landline service; fair domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast service; 100,000 (est.) telephones (0. 1 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 6 FM, 7 TV stations, and 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramili- tary forces Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Coastal Police Military manpower: males 15-49, 23,961,000; 14,738,000 fit for military ser- vice Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1985, $279 million; about 10% of central government budget North Atlantic Ocean 5 fcm The Crane See regional map III Land 430 km 2 ; about half the size of New Yojk City; 60% crop; 30% unused, built on, or waste; 10% meadow Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 97 km People Population: 252,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 0.3% Nationality: noun Barbadian(s); adjec- tive Barbadian Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 16% mixed, 4% European Religion: 70% Anglican, 9% Methodist, 4% Roman Catholic, 17% other, including Mora- vian Language: English Literacy: 99% Labor force: 103,900(1982); 65.6% services and government, 24.6% industry and com- merce, 9.8% agriculture; 11% unemploy- ment (1979) Organized labor: 32% 18 Government Official name: Barbados Type: independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: Bridgetown Political subdivisions: 1 1 parishes and city of Bridgetown Legal system: English common law; con- stitution came into effect upon indepen- dence in 1966; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 30 November Branches: bicameral legislature (Parlia- ment 21-member appointed Senate and 27-member elected House of Assembly); Cabinet headed by Prime Minister Government leaders: Bernard St. John, Act- ing Prime Minister; Sir Hugh SPRINGER, Governor General (since 1984) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: House of Assembly members have terms no longer than five years; last general election held 18 June 1981 Political parties and leaders: Barbados La- bor Party (BLP; leader not yet named [former leader was Prime Minister Tom Ad- ams, who died in March 1985]); Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Errol Barrow Voting strength: (1981 election) BLP, 52.4%; DLP, 46.8%; independent, negligible; House of Assembly seats BLP 17, DLP 10 Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: Move- ment for National Liberation (MONALI), Ricky Parris; People's Progressive Move- ment, Bobby Clarke; People's Pressure Movement, Eric Sealy Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $997.5 million (1982), $3,977 per cap- ita; real GDP growth rate -2.7% (1982) Agriculture: main products -sugarcane, subsistence foods Major industries: tourism, sugar milling, light manufacturing, component assembly for export Electric power: 146,000 kW capacity (1984); 339 million kWh produced (1984), 1,345 kWh per capita Exports: $358.7 million (f.o.b., 1983); sugar and sugarcane byproducts, electrical parts, clothing Imports: $572 million (f.o.b., 1983); food stuffs, consumer durables, machinery, fuels Major trade partners: exports 36% US, 27% CARICOM, UK; imports 34% US, 18% CARICOM, UK, Canada (1980) Aid: economic bilateral commitments, in- cluding Ex-Im (FY70-82), from US, $10 million; ODA and OOF commitments from other Western countries (1970-82), $84 mil- lion; no military aid Budget: (1983) revenues, $242 million; ex- penditures, $247.3 million Monetary conversion rate: 1.989 Barbados dollars=US$l (November 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: none Highways: 1 ,533 km total; 1 ,476 km paved, 7 km unpaved, 3 km four-lane highways under construction, 96 km gravel and earth Ports: 1 major (Bridgetown), 2 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: islandwide automatic telephone system with 72,850 telephones (27.9 per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad and St. Lucia; UHF/VHF links to St. Vincent and St. Lucia; 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Barbados Defense Force, Royal Barbados Police Force Major ground units: Defense Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 67,000; 48,000 fit for military service; no conscrip- tion 19 Belgium See regional map V Land 30,540 km 2 ; slightly larger than Maryland; 28% cultivated; 24% meadow and pasture; 20% forest; 28% waste, urban, or other Land boundaries: 1,377 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 64 km People Population: 9,856,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0% Nationality: noun Belgian(s); adjective Belgian Ethnic divisions: 55% Fleming, 33% Wal- loon, 12% mixed or other Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, remainder Protestant, none, or other Language: 56% Flemish (Dutch), 32% French, 1% German; 11% legally bilingual; divided along ethnic lines Literacy: 98% Labor force: 4 million (1983); 36% transporta- tion, 33% industry and commerce, 21% public services, 2.3% agriculture; 11% unem- ployed (1983) Organized labor: 70% of labor force Government Official name: Kingdom of Belgium Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Brussels Political subdivisions: nine provinces; as of 1 October 1980, Wallonia and Flanders have regional "subgovernments ' with elected re- gional councils and executive officials; those regional authorities have limited powers over revenues and certain areas of economic, ur- ban, environmental, and housing policy; the authority of the regional subgovernments will increase over a five-year period; Wallonia also has a separate Walloon Cul- tural Council Legal system: civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; constitution adopted 1831, since amended; judicial re- view of legislative acts; legal education at four law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ ju- risdiction, with reservations National holiday: National Day, 21 July Branches: executive branch consists of King and Cabinet; Cabinet responsible to bicam- eral parliament (Senate and Chamber of Representatives); independent judiciary; co- alition governments are usual Government leaders: BAUDOUIN I, King (since August 1950); Wilfried MARTENS, Prime Minister (since 1981) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: held at least once every four years; last held 8 November 1981 Political parties and leaders: Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Frank Swaelen, president; Walloon Social Christian (PSC), Gerard Deprez, president; Flemish Socialist (SP), Karel van Miert, president; Walloon Socialist (PS), Guy Spitaels, president; Flemish Liberal (PVV), Guy Verhofstadt, president; Walloon Liberal (PRL), Louis Michel, president; Francophone Democratic Front (FDF), Georges Clerfayt, president; Volksunie(VU), Vic Anciaux, president; Communist Party (PCB), Louis van Geyt, president; Walkxm Rally (RW), Fernand Massart; Ecologist Party (ECOLO-AGALEV), loosely orga- nized, has no president; Anti-Tax Party (UDRT-RAD), Robert Hendrickand Thomas Delahaye, presidents; Vlaams Blok (VB), president unknown Voting strength: (1981 election) Chamber of Representatives CVP 43 seats, PS 35 seats, PVV 28 seats, SP 26 seats, PRL 24 seats, VU 20 seats, PSC 18 seats, FDF and RW 7 seats, ECOLO-AGALEV 4 seats, UDRT-RAD 3 seats, PCB 2 seats, VB 1 seat Communists: 10,000 members (est, October 1981) Other political or pressure groups: Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries; numerous other associa- tions representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medi- cal professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear Weapons and Pax Christi Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, ECOSOC, EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GNP: $81.24 billion (1983), $8,243 per cap- ita; 66% consumption, 16% investment, 18% government consumption, 0.0% net foreign balance (1982); 0.3% real growth rate in 1983 Agriculture: livestock production predomi- nates; main crops grains, sugar beets, flax, potatoes, other vegetables, fruits 20 Belize (formerly British Honduras) Fishing: catch 40,580 metric tons (1983); ex- ports $29,991 million, imports $25,787 million Major industries: engineering and metal products, processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, and petroleum Crude steel: 17.9 million metric tons capac- ity (December 1981); 10 million metric tons produced, 1,015 kg per capita (1983) Electric power: 14,941,000 kW capacity (1984); 54.198 billion kWh produced (1984), 5,490 kWh per capita Exports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union) $51.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); iron and steel products (cars), petroleum products, precious stones Imports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union) $53.7 billion (c.i.f., 1983); motor vehi- cles, chemicals, foodstuffs Major trade partners: (Belgium-Luxem- bourg Economic Union, 1983) exports 70% EC (21. 3% ERG, 18.3% France, 14.3% Neth- erlands, 9.8% UK), 5.1% US, 2.6% Communist; imports 68% EC (21.1% FRG, 18.7% Netherlands, 14.5% France, 8.7% UK), 6.6% US, 3.1% Communist Aid: donor bilateral economic aid commit- ments(ODA and OOF), $3.3billion (1970-82) Budget: (1983) revenues, $24.5 billion; ex- penditures, $35.7 billion; deficit, $11.2 billion Monetary conversion rate: 62.0 Belgian francs=US$l (December 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 4,111 km total; 3,920 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, government owned; 2,563 km double track; 1,763 km electrified; 191 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, electrified Highways: 103,396 km total; approximately 1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute; 1 1,717 km national highway; 1,362 km pro- vincial road; approximately 38,000 km other paved; approximately 51,000 km unpaved Inland waterways: 2,043 km, of which 1,528 km are in regular use by commercial trans- port Ports: 5 major, 1 minor Pipelines: refined products, 1,115 km; crude, 161 km; natural gas, 3,218 km Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft Airfields: 46 total, 45 usable; 25 with perma- nent-surface runways; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities; 3.96 million telephones (47.0 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 36 FM, 32 TV stations; 5 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT stations Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,497,000; 2,112,000 fit for military service; 80,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $2.7 billion; 8.0% of the cen- tral government budget 70 km * / ,;' 8ELMOPANV Caribbean Sea unta Gorda Srf regional map HI Land 22,963 km 2 ; slightly larger than Massachu- setts; 46% exploitable forest, 38% agricultural (5% cultivated); 16% urban, waste, water, off- shore islands, or other Land boundaries: 515 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 386 km People Population: 161,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 2.3% Nationality: noun Belizean(s); adjective Belizean Ethnic divisions: 51% black, 22% mestizo, 19% Amerindian, 8% other Religion: 50% Roman Catholic; Anglican, Seventh-Day Adventist, Methodist, Baptist, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mennonite Language: English (official), Spanish Maya, Carib Literacy: over 80% Labor force: 51,500(1984); 30% agriculture. 16% services, 15. 4% government, 11. 2% com- merce, 10.3% manufacturing; shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical person- nel; over 14% are unemployed 21 Belize (continued) Organized labor: 15% of labor force Government Official name: Belize Type: parliamentary; independent state; a member of the Commonwealth Capital: Belmopan Legal system: English law Branches: bicameral legislature (National As- sembly electoral redistricting in October 1984 expanded House of Representatives from 18 to 28 seats; eight-member appointed Senate; either house may choose its speaker or president, respectively, from outside its membership); Cabinet; judiciary Government leaders: Manuel ESQUIVEL, Prime Minister (since December 1984); Dr. Elmira Minita GORDON, Governor General (since December 1981) Suffrage: universal adult at age 18 Elections: parliamentary elections held De- cember 1984 Political parties and leaders: United Demo- cratic Party (UDP), Manuel Esquivel, Curl Thompson, Dean Lindo; People's United Party (PUP), George Price Voting strength: (December 1984) National Assembly UDP 21 seats (25,78554.1%), PUP 7 seats (20,97144.0%); before re- districting, PUP held 13 seats, UDP 4 seats, and independents 1 seat Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: United Workers Union, which is connected with PUP Member of: CARICOM, CDB, Common- wealth, GATT, IBRD, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, G-77, NAM, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO Economy GDP: $176 million (1983), $1,143 per capita (1983); real growth rate 2% (1983) Agriculture: main products sugarcane, cit- rus fruits, corn, molasses, rice, beans, bananas, livestock products, honey; net im- porter of food Fishing: catch 1,349 metric tons (1980) Major industries: sugar refining, garments, timber and forest products, furniture, rum, soap, beverages, cigarettes Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity (1984); 57 million kWh produced (1984), 360 kWh per capita Exports: $78 million (f.o.b., 1983); sugar, gar- ments, fish, molasses, citrus fruits, wood and wood products Imports: $113 million (c.i.f., 1983); machin- ery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured goods, fuels Major trade partners: exports US 36%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 11%, Canada 10%; imports US 55%, UK 17%, Nether- lands Antilles 8%, Mexico 7% (1983) Aid: economic authorized from US, includ- ing Ex-Im (FY70-83), $25 million; bilateral ODA and OOF commitments from Western (non-US) countries (1970-82), $110 million Budget: revenues, $50 million; expenditures, $64 million (budget for April 1983 through March 1984) Monetary conversion rate: 2 Belize dollars=US$l (19 January 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: none Highways: 2,575 km total; 340 km paved, 1,190 km gravel, 735 km improved earth and 310 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 825 km river network used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navi- gable Ports: 2 major (Belize City, Belize City South- west), 5 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 41 total, 37 usable; 4 with perma- nent-surface runways; 3 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: 8,650 telephones; (4.5 per 100 popl.); above average system based on radio-relay; 5 AM stations and 1 FM sta- tion; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station Defense Forces Branches: British Forces Belize, Belize De- fense Force, Police Department Military manpower: males 15-49, 39,000; 24,000 fit for military service; 1,700 reach military age (18) annually; the nucleus of the Belize Defense Force (BDF) is the former Special Force of the Belize Police, which was transferred intact to the new organization; the bulk of the early recruits were drawn from the Belize Volunteer Guard, a home guard force that had previously acted as a police reserve; currently, the BDF consists of full-time soldiers referred to as the "Regulars" and an essentially reserve group, which has maintained the "Volunteer Guard" name; recruitment is voluntary and the terms of service vary Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1984, $3.6 million; 7.1% of central government budget 22 Benin (formerly Dahomey) Set regional map VII PORTO NOVO Land 112,622 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Pennsyl- vania; southern third of country is most fertile; 80% arable land (11% actually culti- vated); 19% forest and game preserves; 1% nonarable Land boundaries: 1,963 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (100 nm mineral exploitation limit) Coastline: 121 km People Population: 4,015,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun Beninese (sing., pi.); ad- jective Beninese Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba); 5,500 Europeans Religion: 70% animist, 15% Muslim, 15% Christian Language: French (official); Fon and Yoruba most common vernaculars in south; at least six major tribal languages in north Literacy: 20% Labor force: 1.5 million (1982); 70% of labor force employed in agriculture; less than 2% of the labor force work in the industrial sector, and the remainder are employed in trans- port, commerce, and public services Organized labor: approximately 75% of wage earners, divided among two major and several minor unions Government Official name: People's Republic of Benin Type: Soviet-modeled civilian government Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de facto) Political subdivisions: 6 provinces, 46 districts Legal system: based on French civil law and customary law; legal education generally ob- tained in France; has not accepted compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 30 November Branches: Revolutionary National Assembly, National Executive Council Government leader: Brig. Gen. Mathieu KEREKOU, President and Chief of State (since 1972) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: National Assembly elections were held in November 1979; Assembly then for- mally elected Kerekou President in February 1980 Political parties: People's Revolutionary Party of Benin (PRPB) is sole party Communists: PRPB espouses Marxism- Leninism Member of: Af DB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $1.1 billion (1982), $310 per capita (1982); 4.2% nominal growth during 1982 Agriculture: major cash crop is oil palms; peanuts, cotton, coffee, sheanuts, and to- bacco also produced commercially; main food crops corn, cassava, yams, rice, sor- ghum, millet; livestock, fish Fishing: catch 24,000 metric tons (1982 est.) Major industries: palm oil and palm kernel oil processing, textiles, beverages Electric power: 21,000 kW capacity (1984); 27 million kWh produced (1984), 7 kWh per capita Exports: $304.3 million (f.o.b., 1982); palm products, cotton, other agricultural products Imports: $590.3 million (f.o.b. 1982); thread, cloth, clothing and other consumer goods, construction materials, iron, steel, fuels, foodstuffs, machinery, and transport equip- ment Major trade partners: France, EC, franc zone; preferential tariffs to EC and franc zone countries Budget: (1982) revenues $168.2 million; cur- rent expenditures, $103.3 million; development expenditures, $83.7 million Monetary conversion rate: 397.45 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 580 km, all 1.000-meter gauge Highways: 8,550 km total; 828 km paved, 5,722 km improved earth 23 Benin (continued) Bermuda Inland waterways: small sections, only im- portant locally Ports: 1 major (Cotonou) Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 9 total, 8 usable; 1 with permanent- surface runways; 4 with runways 1 ,220-2,439 Telecommunications: fair system of open wire and radio relay; 16,200 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM stations; 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground sta- tion under construction Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 1,759,000; of the 867,000 males 15-49, 439,000 are fit for military service; of the 892,000 females 15-49, 451,000 are fit for military service; about 40,000 males and 41,000 females reach military age (18) annu- ally; both sexes are liable for military service North Atlantic Ocean North At/antic Ocean See regional map [I Land 53.3 km 2 ; about one-third the size of Wash- ington, D.C.; consists of about 360 small coral islands; 60% forest; 21% built on, waste land, and other; 1 1 % leased for air and naval bases; 8% arable Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 103 km People Population: 58,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 0.5% Nationality: noun Bermudian(s); adjec- tive Bermudian Ethnic divisions: 61% black, 39% white and other Religion: 37% Anglican, 21% other Protes- tant, 28% Catholic, 28% Black Muslim and other Language: English Literacy: 98% Labor force: 29,669 employed (1980); 25% clerical, 22% services, 22% laborers, 13% pro- fessional and technical, 9% administrative and managerial, 7% sales, 2% agriculture and fishing Government Official name: Bermuda Type: British dependent territory Capital: Hamilton Political subdivisions: 9 parishes Legal system: English law Branches: Executive Council (cabinet) ap- pointed by governor, led by government leader; bicameral legislature with an ap- pointed Senate and a 40-member directly elected House of Assembly; Supreme Court Government leaders: John W. DUNROSSIL, Governor (since 1983); John William David SWAN, Premier (since 1982) Suffrage: universal adult over age 21 Elections: at least once every five years; last general election February 1983 Political parties and leaders: United Ber- muda Party (UBP), John W. D. Swan; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Lois Browne- Evans Voting strength: 1983 elections UBP 65.1%, PLP 35%; UBP holds 26 House of As- sembly seats; PLP, 14 Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), headed by Ottiwell Simmons Member of: INTERPOL, WHO Economy CJVP: $810 million (FY81/82), $12,400 per capita (FY81/82); real growth rate 4.4% (FY81/82) Agriculture: main products bananas, veg- etables, Easter lilies, dairy products, citrus fruits Major industries: tourism, finance, struc- tural concrete products, paints, perfumes, furniture 24 Bhutan Electric power: 110,000 kW capacity (1984); 350 million kWh produced (1984), 6,034 kWh per capita Exports: $17 million (1982); semitropical pro- duce, light manufactures Imports: $348 million ( 1 982); fuel, foodstuffs, machinery Major trade partners: 54% US, 16% Carib- bean countries, 10% UK, 6% Canada, 14% other; tourists, 90% US Aid: economic bilateral commitments, in- cluding Ex-lm (FY70-81), from US $34 million; from Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-82), $252 million; no military aid Budget: revenues, $159 million; expendi- tures, $143 million (FY82/83) Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda dollar=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: none Highways: 209 km public roads, all paved (approximately 400 km of private roads) Ports: 3 major (Hamilton, St. George, Free- port) Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: modern telecom sys- tem, includes fully automatic telephone system with 46,290 sets (84.6 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV stations; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces External defense is the responsibility of United Kingdom Branches: The Bermuda Regiment S rfgiima! map Mil Land 46,620 km 2 ; the size of Vermont and New Hampshire combined; 70% forest; 15% agri- cultural; 15% desert, waste, urban Land boundaries: about 870 km People Population: 1,4 17,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.1% Nationality: noun Bhutanese (sing., pi.); adjective Bhutanese Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhote, 25% ethnic Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant tribes Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25% Buddhist-influenced Hinduism Language: Bhotes speak various Tibetan dia- lects most widely spoken dialect is Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects Literacy: 5% Labor force: 95% agriculture, 1% industry and commerce (1983); massive lack of skilled labor Government Official name: Kingdom of Bhutan Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship with India Capital: Thimphu Political subdivisions: 4 regions (east, central, west, south), further divided into 17 districts Legal system: based on Indian law and En- glish common law; in 1964 the monarch assumed full power no constitution existed beforehand; a Supreme Court hears appeals from district administrators; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 17 December Branches: appointed ministersand indirectly elected National Assembly consisting of vil- lage elders, monastic representatives, and all district and senior government adminis- trators Government leader: Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK, King (since 1972) Suffrage: each family has one vote Elections: popular elections on village level held every three years Political parties: no legal parties Communists: no overt Communist presence Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy, Indian merchant community, ethnic Nepalese organizations Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IMF, NAM, UNESCO, UPU, UN, WHO Economy GDP: $150 million (FY82/83), $1 10 per cap- ita; 1.4% real growth in FY82/83 Agriculture: rice, corn, barley, wheat, pota- toes, fruit, spices Major industries: cement, chemical prod- ucts, mining, distilling, food processing, handicrafts Electric power: 15,700 kW capacity (1984); 9 million kWh produced (1984), 6 kWh per capita 25 Bhutan (continued) Bolivia Exports: $16.7 million (FY82/83); agricul- tural and forestry products, coal Imports: total imports $58.5 million (FY82/83); imports from India $45.2 million (FY82/83); textiles, cereals, vehicles, fuels, machinery Major trade partner: India Budget: total receipts, $53.6 million; expen- ditures, $63.9 million (FY83/84 est.) Monetary conversion rate: both ngultrums and Indian rupees are legal tender; 12.092 ngultrums=12.092 Indian rupees=US$l (October 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Highways: 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth Freight carried: not available, very light traf- fic Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total; 1 usable; 1 with permanent- surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: facilities inadequate; 1,300 telephones (0.1 per lOOpopl.); 11,000 est. radio sets; no TV sets; 20 AM stations; no TV stations Defense Forces Branches: Royal Bhutan Army Military manpower: males 15-49, 350,000; 188,000 fit for military service; about 17,000 reach military age (18) annually Supply: dependent on India See rrgmnil map IV Land 1,098,581 km 2 ; the size of Texas and Califor- nia combined; 45% urban, desert, waste, or other; 40% forest; 11% pasture and meadow; 2% cultivated and fallow; 2% inland water Land boundaries: 6,083 km People Population: 6, 195,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.6% Nationality: noun Bolivian(s); adjective Bolivian Ethnic divisions: 30% Quechua, 25% Ay- mara, 25-30% mixed, 5-15% European Religion: 95% Roman Catholic; active Prot- estant minority, especially Methodist Language: Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official) Literacy: est. 75% Labor force: 1.7 million (1983); 47% agricul- ture, 23% services, 19% industry and commerce, 11% government Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concen- trated in mining, industry, construction, and transportation Government Official name: Republic of Bolivia Type: republic Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary) Political subdivisions: nine departments with limited autonomy Legal system: based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967; constitution in force except where contrary to dispositions dictated by governments since 1969; legal education at University of San Andres and several others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 6 Au- gust Branches: executive; bicameral legislature (National Congress Senate and Chamber of Deputies); Congress began meeting again in October 1982; judiciary Government leader: Hernan SILES Zuazo, President (since October 1982) Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 if married, 21 if single Elections: presidential elections on 29 June 1980 were won by the UDP coalition candi- date, Hernan Siles Zuazo; however, before the planned August inauguration, the gov- ernment was overthrown by the military; a series of military leaders followed; in Sep- tember 1982 the military moved to return the government to civilian rule; the 1980-elected congress met on 1 October and selected the winner of the 1980 presidential election, Hernan Siles Zuazo, to head the government; Siles was inaugurated on 10 October 1982 Political parties and leaders: all major par- ties have experienced problems with internal divisions but are now trying to prepare for the June 1985 elections. Nationalist Revolu- tionary Movement of the Left (MNRI), Hernan Siles Zuazo; Nationalist Revolution- ary Movement (MNR), Victor Paz Estenssoro; Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime Paz Zamora; Bolivian 26 Botswana Communist Revolutionary Party (PRIN), Juan Lechin Oquendo; National Democratic Action (ADN), Hugo Banzer Suarez; Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB) Voting strength: (1980 elections) UDP Dem- ocratic Popular Unity Front, a coalition of the MNRI, MIR, and PCB 38.5%; MNR 20.5%; ADN 16.8% Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-Ameri- can Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (cre- ated in May 1969 within LAIA, formerly LAFTA), NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $4.9 billion (1983 est.), $833 per capita; 80% private consumption, 12% public con- sumption, 8% gross domestic investment, 2.4% current account balance; 1983 est. growth, 12% Agriculture: main crops potatoes, corn, rice, sugarcane, coca, yucca, bananas, coffee; imports significant quantities of wheat Major industries: mining, smelting, petro- leum refining, food processing, textiles, and clothing Electric power: 490,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.9 billion kWh produced (1984), 315 kWh per capita Exports: $778 million (f.o.b., 1983); natural gas, tin, silver, tungsten, zinc, antimony, lead, bismuth, gold, coffee, sugar, cotton Imports: $503 million (c.i.f., 1983); food- stuffs, chemicals, capital goods, pharma- ceuticals, transportation Major trade partners: exports Argentina 48%, US 21%, EC 17%, Communist bloc 8%; imports US 31%, EC 19%, Argentina 12%, Japan 11%, Brazil 10%, Communist bloc 10% (1983 prelim.) Budget: $284 million revenues, $965 million expenditures (1983 est.) Monetary conversion rate: 9,000 pesos=US$l (December 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 3,675 km total; 3,538 km meter gauge (1.000 m) and 32 km 0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track; 105 km meter gauge (1.000 m) privately owned Highways: 38,830 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: officially estimated to be 10,000 km of commercially navigable water- ways Pipelines: crude oil, 1,670 km; refined prod- ucts, 1,495 km; natural gas, 580 km Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through Arica and Antofagasta, Chile, and Matarani, Peru) Civil air: 56 major transport aircraft Airfields: 485 total, 427 usable; 9 with per- manent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 119 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: radio-relay system being expanded; improved international ser- vices; 144,300 telephones (2.6 per 100 pop!.); 143 AM, 29 FM, 43 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station Defense Forces Branches: Bolivian Army, Bolivian Navy, Bolivian Air Force (literally, the Army of the Nation, the Navy of the Nation, the Air Force of the Nation) Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,380,000; 903,000 fit for military service; 63,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $76.0 million; 12.3% of central government budget > iep'ese"ta!er 1982 Political parties and leaders: National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRON A), a Tutsi-led party, declared sole legitimate party in 1966; second national party congress held in 1984; Col. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza confirmed as party president for five-year term Communists: no Communist party Member of: Af DB, EAMA, EGA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNE SCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Budget: (1983) revenue $121.4 million, ex- penditure $146.4 million Monetary conversion rate: 120 Burundi francs=US$ 1 (October 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 5,950 km total; 2,500 km gravel or laterite; 3,000 km improved or unimproved earth Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika naviga- ble for lake steamers and barges; 1 lake port at Bujumbura Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable; 1 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m 36 Cambodia (formerly Kampuchea) Telecommunications: sparse system of wire and low-capacity radio-relay links; about 6,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, no TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite ground station Defense Forces Branches: Army (including naval and air units); paramilitary Gendarmerie Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,091,000; 567,000 fit for military service; 53,000 reach military age (16) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $32.8 million; about 18.6% of central government budget . Stoeng Trno SiSmre.b BMdimbino iJ. Gulf at Thailand See regional mtp IX Land 181,035 km 2 ; the size of Missouri; 74% forest; 16% cultivated; 10% built on, waste, and other Land boundaries: 2,438 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: about 443 km People Population: 6,249,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.1% Nationality: noun Cambodian(s); adjec- tive Cambodian Ethnic divisions: 90% Khmer (Cambodian), 5% Chinese, 5% other minorities Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% other Language: Khmer (official), French Literacy: 48% Government Official name: Coalition Government of Democratic Cambodia (CGDK; composed of three resistance groups deployed along the Thai border); People's Republic of Cambodia (PRK; pro-Vietnamese, in Phnom Penh) Type: CGDK is nationalist coalition of one Communist and two non-Communist fac- tions; PRK is Communist Capital: Phnom Penh Political subdivisions: 19 provinces Legal system: Judicial Committee chosen by People's Representative Assembly in Demo- cratic Cambodia; no information for PRK National holiday: 17 April for both regimes Branches: Cabinet, State Presidium, and some form of People's Representative Assem- bly in Democratic Cambodia; People's Revolutionary Council, various ministries, and a "National Congress" held in early 1979 and a second time in September 1979 in PRK Government leaders: CGDK Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, President (since June 1982); SON SANN, Prime Minister; KHIEU SAMPHAN, Vice President (since December 1979); PRK HENG SAMRIN, President (since January 1979); HUN SEN, Foreign Minister (since January 1979) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Political parties and leaders: CGDK Dem- ocratic Cambodia Khmer Communist Party disbanded December 1981, though chief po- litical figure still former party chairman Pol Pot, Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under Son Sann, and Na- tional United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambo- dia under Prince Norodom Sihanouk; PRK Cambodian Peoples Revolutionary Party, the Communist party installed by Vietnam in 1979, and Cambodian United Front for Na- tional Construction and Defense (KUFNCD) Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee (inactive), NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO for CGDK; none for PRK 37 Cambodia (continued) Cameroon Economy GNP: no aggregate information available (January 1985) Agriculture: mainly subsistence except for rubber plantations; main crops rice, rub- ber, corn; food shortages rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flour Major industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products Shortages: fossil fuels Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity (1984); 144 million kWh produced (1984), 23 kWh per capita Exports: probably less than $10 million est. (1983); natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood Imports: probably less than $30 million (1983); international food aid; Soviet bloc economic development aid value unknown (post- 1979) Trade partners: Vietnam and USSR Aid: economic commitments US (FY70- 82), $709 million; other Western (1970-82), $227 million; military (FY70-82) US, $1,260 million; Communist data not avail- able Budget: no budget data available since Com- munists took over government Monetary conversion rate: 4 riels=US$l (1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 612 km 1.000-meter gauge; gov- ernment owned Highways: 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bitumi- nous, 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth; and 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters Ports: 2 major, 5 minor Airfields: 34 total, 14 usable; 7 with perma- nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: service barely ade- quate for government requirements and virtually nonexistent for general public; in- ternational service limited to Vietnam and other adjacent countries; radiobroadcasts limited to 1 station; 1 TV station Defense Forces Branches: CGDK consists of National Army of Democratic Cambodia, Khmer Peoples National Liberation Front, and Sihanoukist National Army; PRK People's Republic of Cambodia Armed Forces Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,711,000; 919,000 fit for military service; about 80,000 reach military age (18) annually 300 km .Lake Chad ff Gulf of Gutne See region*! map VII Land 475,439 km 2 ; somewhat larger than Califor- nia;50% forest; 18% meadow; 13% fallow; 4% cultivated; 15% other Land boundaries: 4,554 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm Coastline: 402 km People Population: 9,77 1,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun Cameroonian(s); adjec- tive Cameroonian Ethnic divisions: over 200 tribes of widely differing background; 31% Cameroon High- landers, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 11% Kirdi, 10% Fulani, 8% Northwestern Bantu, 7% Eastern Nigritic, 13% other African, less than 1% non- African Religion: over one-half indigenous beliefs, one-third Christian, one-sixth Muslim Language: English and French (official), 24 major African language groups Literacy: 65% Labor force: (1983) 74.4% agriculture, 11.4% industry and transport, 9.7% other services 38 Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor force Government Official name: United Republic of Came- Type: unitary republic; one-party presiden- tial regime Capital: Yaounde Political subdivisions: 10 provinces further divided into departments, arrondissements, districts Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem, with common law influence; unitary constitution adopted 1972; judicial review in Supreme Court, when a question of constitu- tionality is referred to it by the President of the Republic; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Day, 20 May Branches: executive (President), legislative (National Assembly), and judicial (Supreme Court) Government leader: Paul BIYA, President (since November 1982) Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: parliamentary elections held May 1983; presidential elections held January 1984 Political parties and leaders: single party, Cameroon National Union (UNC), instituted in 1966, Paul Biya, president Communists: no Communist party or signifi- cant number of sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: Came- roon People's Union (UPC), remains an illegal group with its factional leaders in exile Member of: Af BD, KAMA, EGA, EIB (asso- ciate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITU, Lake ('had Basin Commission, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU, OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $6.7 billion (1983), about $724 per cap- ita; real annual growth rate, 5.0% (1983) Agriculture: commercial and food crops coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, ba- nanas, peanuts, palm oil and palm kernels; root starches, livestock, millet, sorghum, and Fishing: 23,000 metric tons (1982/83) Major industries: crude oil; small aluminum plant, food processing, and light consumer goods industries; sawmills Electric power: 569,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.793 billion kWh produced (1984), 188 kWh per capita Exports: $1.904 billion (f.o.b., 1983); crude oil, cocoa, coffee, timber, aluminum, cotton, natural rubber, bananas, peanuts, tobacco, and tea Imports: $1.100 billion (f.o.b., 1982); con- sumer goods, machinery, transport equipment, alumina for refining, petroleum products, food and beverages Major trade partners: most trade with France, other EC countries, and the US Budget: (1984 est.) revenues $1,777 million, current expenditures $1,696 million Monetary conversion rate: 417.4 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: 1,173 km total; 858 km 1.000- meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge Highways: approximately 65,000 km total; including 2,500 km bituminous, 7,000 km gravel and earth, 7,400 km improved earth, 28,000 km unimproved Inland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing importance Ports: 1 major (Douala), 3 minor Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft Airfields: 58 total, 54 usable; 7 with perma- nent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good system of open wire and radio relay; 30,000 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 1 FM, no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; planned TV network Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramili- tary Gendarmerie Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,170,000; 1,092,000 fit for military service; about 90,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1984, $85.4 million; 10.7% of central government budget 39 Canada S** regional map II Land 9,976,139 km 2 ; slightly larger than the US; 44% forest; 42% waste or urban; 8% inland water; 4% cultivated; 2% meadow and pas- ture Land boundaries: 9,010 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 90,908 km People Population: 25,399,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.0% Nationality: noun Canadian(s); adjec- tive Canadian Ethnic divisions: 45% British Isles origin, 29% French origin, 23% other European, 1.5% indigenous Indian and Eskimo Religion: 46% Roman Catholic, 18% United Church, 12% Anglican Language: English and French official Literacy: 99% Labor force: 12.2 million (December 1983); 68% services (37% government, 23% trade and finance, 8% transportation), 18% manu- facturing, 6% construction, 4% agriculture, 5% other; 11.9% unemployment (1983 aver- age); 11.1% unemployment (December 1983) Organized labor: 33% of labor force Government Official name: Canada Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II as sovereign Capital: Ottawa Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 2 ter- ritories Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system " based on French law prevails; constitution as of 1982 (formerly British North America Act of 1867 and various amendments); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva- tions National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July Branches: federal executive power vested in cabinet collectively responsible to House of Commons, and headed by Prime Minister; federal legislative authority resides in Parlia- ment (282 seats) consisting of Queen represented by Governor General, Senate, and House of Commons; judges appointed by Governor General on the advice of the gov- ernment; Supreme Court is highest tribunal Government leaders: Brian MULRONEY, Prime Minister (since September 1984); Jeanne SAUVE, Governor General (since May 1984) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: legal limit of five years; but in practice usually held within four years; last election September 1984; voter turnout, 72% Political parties and leaders: Liberal, John Turner; Progressive Conservative, Brian Mulroney; New Democratic, Edward Broadbent Voting strength: (1984 election) Progressive Conservative, 50%; Liberal, 28%; New Dem- ocratic Party, 19%; parliamentary seats as of December 1984 Progressive Conservative (121), Liberal (40), New Democratic Party (30), independent (1) 40 Communists: approx. 2,000 Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common- wealth, DAC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, ICO, ICRC, IDA, IDB Inter- American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Whaling Commission, IWC International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, PAHO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GNP: $313.6 billion (1983), $12,592 per cap- ita (1983); 58.7% consumption, 19.9% investment, 21.5% government, 0.2% net for- eign trade; .3% change in inventories; real growth rate 3.2% (1976-83) Agriculture: main products livestock, grains (principally wheat), dairy products, feedgrains, oilseeds, tobacco; food short- ages fresh fruits and vegetables Fishing: catch 1.39 million metric tons (1982) Major industries: processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, transportation equipment, chemi- cals, fish products, petroleum and natural gas Shortages: rubber, rolled steel, fruits, preci- sion instruments Crude steel: 12.7 million metric tons pro- duced (1983) Electric power: 92,725,000 kW capacity (1984); 419. 118 billion kWh produced (1984), 16,670 kWh per capita Exports: $82.835 billion (f.o.b., 1983; princi- pal items transportation equipment, wood and wood products including paper, ferrous and nonferrous ores, crude petroleum, wheat; Canada is a major food exporter Imports: $72.267 billion (f.o.b., 1983); princi- pal items transportation equipment, machinery, crude petroleum, communica- tion equipment, textiles, steel, fabricated metals, office machines, fruits and vegetables Cape Verde Major trade partners: imports 71.6% US, 5.9% Japan, 2.4% UK; exports 72.7% US, 5.0% Japan, 2.7% UK, 2.0% USSR (1983) Aid: economic (received US, $1.8 billion Ex-Im Bank, FY70-81); Canada commit- ments to LDCs, bilateral ODA and OOF, $14. 2 billion (1970-82) Budget: total revenues $61. 68 billion; current expenditures $80.82 billion; budget deficit $19.14 billion (1983) Monetary conversion rate: 1.322 C$=US$1 (2 January 1985) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 66,372 km total; 65,096 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 63 km electrified; 1,131 km 1.067-meter gauge (in Newfound- land); 145 km 0.914-meter gauge Highways: 884,272 km total; 712,936 km sur- faced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth Inland waterways: 3,000 km Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and re- fined; natural gas, 74,980 km Ports: 13 major, numerous minor Civil air: 636 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1,557 total, 1,328 usable; 395 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m, 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 323 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent service pro- vided by modern telecom media; 16.2 million telephones (67. 1 per 100 popl.); coun- trywide AM, FM, and TV coverage, including 630 AM, 80 FM, 500 TV stations; 6 coaxial submarine cables; 3 satellite stations with total of 5 antennas and 1 00 domestic sat- ellite stations Defense Forces Branches: Mobile Command, Maritime Command, Air Command, Communications Command, Canadian Forces Europe, Train- ing Command Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,028,000; 6,014,000 fit for military service; 197,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1983 the defense budget was $6.6 bil- lion; about 9.7% of central government budget Santo Antao ^nd.,o X c ,, Sa * . ,-N~_ "-^ Vicente Sao Nicolau North Atlantic Ocean 70km Sal Boa Vista b OFogo do i0i r JWa/o Sao Tiago See regional map VII Land 4,040 km 2 , divided among 1 islands and sev- eral islets; slightly larger than Rhode Island Water Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (eco- nomic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 965 km People Population: 315,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 2.0% Nationality: noun Cape Verdean(s); adjec- tive Cape Verdean Ethnic divisions: about 71% Creole (mu- latto); 28% African; 1% European Religion: Catholicism, fused with local su- perstitions Language: Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words Literacy: 37% Labor force: bulk of population engaged in subsistence agriculture Government Official name: Republic of Cape Verde Type: republic Capital: Praia 41 Cape Verde (continued) Central African Republic Political subdivisions: 10 islands Legal system: based on constitution National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July Branches: National People's Assembly, 56 members; the official party is the supreme political institution Government leaders: Aristides PEREIRA, President (since July 1975); Pedro PIRES, Prime Minister (since July 1975) Suffrage: universal over age 15 Elections: National Assembly election held December 1980, the first since independence Political parties and leaders: only legal party, African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), led by Aristides Pereira, secretary general; PAICV estab- lished in January 1981 to replace the former ruling party in both Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau, the African Party for the Indepen- dence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), in protest of the November 1980 coup in Guinea-Bissau Communists: a few Communists, some sym- pathizers Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GNP: $106 million (1982 prov.); $353 per capita GNP (1982); 0% growth rate (1978) Agriculture: main crops corn, beans, man- ioc, sweet potatoes; barely self-sufficient in food Fishing: catch 10,381 metric tons (1982); largely undeveloped but provides major source of export earnings Major industries: salt mining Electric power: 14,000 kW capacity (1984); 15 million kWh produced (1984); 50 k Wh per capita Exports: $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); fish, ba- nanas, salt, flour Imports: $68.1 million (c.i.f., 1983); petro- leum products, corn, rice, machinery, textiles Major trade partners: Portugal, UK, Japan, African neighbors Budget: $20.4 million public revenue, $26.7 million current expenditures (1984) Monetary conversion rate: 89.27 escudos=US$l (November 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Ports: 2 major (Mindelo and Praia), 2 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: interisland radio- relay system, HF radio to mainland Portugal and Guinea-Bissau, about 1,740 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 FM 2 AM stations; 1 small TV station; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station Defense Forces Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air Force are separate components of FARP Military manpower: males 15-49, 86,000; 50,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, $15 million; about 5% of central government budget See regioni) map VII Land 622,984 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Texas; 80- 85% meadow, fallow, vacant arable land, urban, or waste; 10-15% cultivated; 5% dense forest Land boundaries: 4,981 km People Population: 2,667,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun Central African(s); ad- jective Central African Ethnic divisions: approximately 80 ethnic groups, the majority of which have related ethnic and linguistic characteristics; 34% Baya, 28% Banda, 10% Sara, 9% Mandjia, 9% Mboum, 7% M'Baka; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 3,600 are French Religion: 25% Protestant, 25% Roman Cath- olic, 24% indigenous beliefs, 10% Muslim; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influ- ence the Christian majority Language: French (official); Sangho, lingua franca and national language Literacy: est. 33% Labor force: 1,320,000(1983); 88% agricul- ture, 4% industry and commerce, 4% services, 4% government; approximately 64,000 salaried workers Organized labor: 1 % of labor force Government Official name: Central African Republic Type: republic, under military rule since September 1981 Capital: Bangui Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 47 subprefectures Legal system: based on French law; constitu- tion, which was approved in February 1981 referendum, was suspended after September 1981 military takeover; judiciary, Supreme Court, court of appeals, criminal court, and numerous lower courts National holiday: Independence Day, 13 August; National Day, 1 December Branches: Gen. Andre- Dieudonne Kolingba is Chief of State and President of the Military Committee for National Recovery, which re- placed the Council of Ministers; no legis- lature; separate judiciary Government leader: Gen. Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA, Chief of State and President of the Military Committee for National Recov- ery (since September 1981) Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: none scheduled Political parties and leaders: political parties were banned in September 1981 Communists: no Communist party; small number of Communist sympathizers Member of: Af DB, Conference of East and Central African States, KAMA, EGA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GDP: $616 million (1983), $244 per capita, -2.3% real growth (1983) Agriculture: commercial cotton, coffee, peanuts, sesame, wood; main food crops manioc, corn, peanuts, rice, potatoes Major industries: sawmills, brewery, dia- mond mining and splitting Electric power: 46,000 kW capacity (1984); 80 million kWh produced (1984), 30 kWh per capita Exports: $113.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); cotton, coffee, diamonds, timber Imports: $136.5 million (f.o.b., 1983 est); tex- tiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chemi- cals, Pharmaceuticals Major trade partners: exports'France, Bel- gium, Japan, US; imports France and other EC countries, Japan, Algeria, Yugoslavia Budget: (1983) revenues $95.3 million; cur- rent expenditures $113.7 million; official foreign debt $268.1 million (1983) Monetary conversion rate: 422.25 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 20,560 km total; 454 km bitumi- nous, 10,196 km improved earth, 12,690 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 7,000 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts on the extensive system of rivers and streams Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 67 total, 59 usable; 4 with perma- nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: facilities are meager; network is composed of low-capacity, low- powered radiocommunication stations and radio-relay links; 6,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station, 1 FM station, 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 586,000; 303,000 fit for military service Supply: mainly dependent on France, but has received equipment from Israel, Italy, USSR, FRG, South Korea, and PRC Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983; $12.2 million; about 14.5% of central government budget 43 Chad See regional map VII Land 1,284,000 km 2 ; four-fifths the size of Alaska; 35% pasture; 17% arable; 2% forest and scrub; 46% other use and waste Land boundaries: 5,987 km People Population: 5,246,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.5% Nationality: noun Chadian(s); adjective Chadian Ethnic divisions: some 200 distinct ethnic groups, including Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Fulani, Kotoko, Hausa, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, and Maba) in the north and center and non-Muslims (Sara, Mayo- Kebbi, and Chari) in the south; some 150,000 nonindigenous, 3,000 of them French Religion: 52% Muslim, 43% indigenous be- liefs, 5% Christian Language: French official; Chadian Arabic is lingua franca in north, Sara and Sangho in south; more than 100 different languages and dialects are spoken Literacy: about 20% Labor force: 85% agriculture (engaged in un- paid subsistence farming, herding, and fishing) Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor force Government Official name: Republic of Chad Type: republic Capital: N'Djamena Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem and Chadian customary law; constitution adopted 1962; constitution sus- pended and National Assembly dissolved April 1975; Fundamental Act, a quasi-con- stitution decreed in October 1982, provides juridical framework whereby decrees are promulgated by the president; judicial re- view of legislative acts in theory a power of the Supreme Court; has not accepted com- pulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 13 April Branches: presidency; Council of Ministers; National Consultative Council Government leaders: Hissein HABRE, Presi- dent (since June 1982) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: none planned Political parties and leaders: National Union for Independence and Revolution (UNIR) es- tablished June 1984 with Habre as president; numerous dissident groups Communists: no front organizations or un- derground party; probably a few Communists and some sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: the devel- opment of a stable government continues to be hampered by prolonged tribal and re- gional antagonisms; ex-President Goukouni Weddeye heads a rebel government, with Libyan backing, that has driven Habre's forces out of the northern third of Chad Member of: AfDB, CEAO, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, ECA, EEC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB Islamic 44 Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy During the last decade droughts and plagues of locusts have caused widespread food short- ages, and years of civil war have devasted the economy; reliable current economic data are unavailable GDP: $500 million (1980), $110 per capita (1980); estimated real annual growth rate 0.6% (1971-81) Agriculture: commercial cotton, gum ara- bic, livestock, peanuts, fish; food crops millet, sorghum, rice, sweet potatoes, yams, cassava, dates; imports food Fishing: catch 1 15,000 metric tons(1982 est.) Major industries: agricultural and livestock processing plants (cotton textile mill, slaugh- terhouses, brewery), natron Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity (1984); 43 million kWh produced (1984), 8 kWh per capita Exports: $45.8 million (1983); cotton 75%, meat, fish, animal products Imports: $84.0 million (1983); cement, petro- leum, flour, sugar, tea, machinery, textiles, motor vehicles Major trade partners: imports 50% Nige- ria, 13% Netherlands Antilles, 8% France, 7% Cameroon, 5% Gabon; exports 37% Nige- ria, 10% Portugal, 9% France, 8% FRG, 6% Cameroon Budget: (1978 est.) public revenue $67.4 mil- lion, current revenue $89.0 million Monetary conversion rate: 422.25 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Chile Communications Railroads: none Highways: 27,505 km total; 242 km bitumi- nous, 4,385 km gravel and laterite, and remainder unimproved Inland waterways: approximately 2,000 km navigable Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 73 total, 66 usable; 5 with perma- nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 30 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Language: French (official); Sangho, lingua franca and national language Telecommunications: fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; satellite ground station; 5,000 tele- phones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 1 FM, 3 AM stations; many facilities inoperative Defense Forces Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,197,000; 618,000 fit for military service; about 49,000 reach military age (20) annually Supply: primarily dependent on France Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $8.7 million; about 25% of total budget Antofagasta/ SANTIAGO South Pacific Ocean Punta Arenas* See regional map IV Boundary representation is not necessarily authonlativ Land 756,945 km 2 ; larger than Texas; 47% barren mountain, desert, and urban; 29% forest; 15% permanent pasture, meadow; 7% other ara- ble; 2% cultivated Land boundaries: 6,325 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 6,435 km People Population: 11, 882,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.5% Nationality: noun Chilean(s); adjective Chilean Ethnic divisions: 95% European and Euro- pean-Indian, 3% Indian, 2% other Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protes- tant Language: Spanish Literacy: 90% (1978) Labor force: 3.0 million total employment (1982); 33% industry and commerce; 31 % ser- vices; 9% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 9% mining; 5% construction Organized labor: 12% of labor force orga- nized into labor unions (1982) Government Official name: Republic of Chile Type: republic Capital: Santiago Political subdivisions: 12 regions plus one metropolitan district, 41 provincial subdi- Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes in- fluenced by French and Austrian law; current constitution came into effect in March 1981; the constitution provides for continued direct rule until 1989, with a phased return to full civilian rule by 1997; judicial review of legislative acts in the Su- preme Court; legal education at University of Chile, Catholic University, and several oth- ers; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 18 September Branches: four-man Military-Police Junta, which exercises constituent and legislative powers and has delegated executive powers to President of Junta; the President has an- nounced a plan for transition from military to civilian rule by 1989; National Congress (Sen- ate, House of Representatives) dissolved; civilian judiciary remains Government leaders: Gen. Augusto PINO- CHET Ugarte, President (since September 1973); Adm. Jose Toribio MERINO Castro (since September 1973), Air Force Maj. Gen. Fernando MATTHEI Aubel (since July 1978), Carabinero Gen. Cesar MENDOZA Duran (since September 1973), Army Lt. Gen. Cesar BENAVIDES Escobar (since March 1981), Junta members Suffrage: none Elections: prohibited by decree; all electoral registers were destroyed in 1974 45 Chile (continued) Political parties and leaders: all political par- ties are officially recessed or outlawed, but they have been allowed to function on a very limited basis since 1982; National Party (PN), Patricio Philips; Independent Democratic Union (UDI), Sergio Fernandez; National Unity Movement (MUN), Andres Allamand; Movement of National Action (MAN), Federico Willoughby; Radical Party (PR), Enrique Silva Cimma; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Luis Bossay; Christian Demo- cratic Party (PDC), Gabriel Valdes; Republican Right, Hugo Zepeda; Socialist Party, Ramon Silva Ulloa and Julio Stuardo (the PR, PSD, PDC, Republican Right, and some elements of the Socialist Party form the Democratic Alliance [AD]); Movement of Unitary Popular Action (MAPU); Movement of Unitary Popular Action Workers/ Peasants (MAPU-OC), Bias Tomic and Oscar Garreton Purcell; Christian Left (1C), Luis Maira; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh), Luis Corvalan Lepe (in exile); Socialist Party Almeyda faction (PSCh/Alm), Clodomiro Almeyda (in exile); Socialist Party Altamirano faction (PSCh/Alt), Carlos Altamirano (in exile); Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Andres Pascal Allende (in exile); the MIR, PSCh/Alm, and PCCh form the leftist Popular Democratic Movement (MDP) Voting strength: (1970 presidential election) 36.6% Popular Unity coalition, 35.3% conser- vative independent, 28.1% Christian Democrat; (1973 congressional election) 44% Popular Unity coalition, 56% Democratic Confederation (PDC and PN) Communists: 248,000 when PCCh was legal in 1973; active militants now estimated at about 20,000 Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Command (CUD), a social grouping of 300 labor organizations and other groups, dominated by the PCCh; labor- National Workers Command (CNT), in- cludes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor confederations; Roman Catholic Church Member of: CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GDP: $23.6 billion (1982), $2,178.1 per cap- ita; 77% private consumption, 14.8% government consumption; 9.9% gross invest- ment, 1.7% net foreign balance; real growth rate 14.3% (1982) Agriculture: main crops wheat, potatoes, corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits; net ag- ricultural importer Fishing: catch 4 million metric tons (1982); exports $307.1 million (1983) Major industries: copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, pulp, paper, and forestry products Crude steel: 765.0 billion metric tons capac- ity (1980); 715,600 metric tons produced (1980) Electric power: 3,250,000 kW capacity (1984); 12.5 billion kWh produced (1984), l,072kWh per capita Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); copper, molybdenum, iron ore, paper products, fishmeal, fruits, wood products Imports: $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro- leum, sugar, wheat, capital goods, vehicles Major trade partners: exports 28% US, 13% FRG, 9% Japan, 5% UK, 4% Brazil (1983); imports 24% US, 6% Brazil, 6% FRG, 5% Japan, 2% Venezuela (1983) Budget: revenues, $4. 1 billion; expenditures, $4.4 billion (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 128 pesos=US$l (January 1985) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 8,478 km total; 4,257 km 1.676- meter gauge, 135km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 4,221 km 1.000-meter gauge; elec- trification, 1,503 km, 1.676-meter gauge, 79 km 1.000-meter gauge Highways: 78,025 km total; 9,365 km paved, 37,700 km gravel, 32,000 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: 725 km Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km; refined prod- ucts, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km Ports: 10 major, 13 minor Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft Airfields: 359 total, 320 usable; 46 with per- manent-surface runways; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 51 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: modern telephone system based on extensive radio-relay facili- ties; 595,100 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 2 domestic satellite stations; 151 AM, 81 FM, 122 TV sta- tions Defense Forces Branches: Army of the Nation, National Navy, Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,149,000; 2,369,000 fit for military service; about 119,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $776 million; 14.6% of cen- tral government budget 46 China (Taiwan listed at end of table) See refionit map VIII Land 9.6 million km 2 ; slightly larger than US; 74.3% desert, waste, or urban (32% of this area consists largely of denuded wasteland, plains, rolling hills, and basins from which about 3% could be reclaimed); 11% culti- vated (sown area extended by multi- cropping); 12.7% forest and woodland; 2-3% inland water Land boundaries: 24,000 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 14,500km People Population: 1,041,346,000 (July 1985), aver- age annual growth rate 0.9% Nationality: noun Chinese (sing., pi.); ad- jective Chinese Ethnic divisions: 93.3% Han Chinese; 6.7% Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and numer- ous lesser nationalities Religion: officially atheist; most people, even before 1949, have been pragmatic and eclec- tic, not seriously religious; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Tao- ism, Buddhism, ancestor worship; about 2- 3% Muslim, 1% Christian Language: Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Can, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see ethnic divisions) Literacy: over 75% Labor force: est. 447.1 million (December 1983J; 74.4% agriculture, 15% industry and commerce^ 10.6% Other Government Official name: People's Republic of China Type: Communist state; real authority lies with Communist Party's Polituro; the Na- tional People's Congress, in theory the highest organ of government, usually ratifies the party's programs; the State Council actu- ally directs the government Capital: Beijing (Peking) Political subdivisions: 21 provinces, 3 cen- trally governed municipalities, 5 autonomous regions Legal system: a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible development of uniform code of adminis- trative and civil law; highest judicial organ is Supreme People's Court, which reviews lower court decisions; laws and legal proce- dure subordinate to priorities of party policy; regime has attempted to write civil and Com- munist codes; new legal codes in effect 1 January 1980; party and state constitutions revised in September and November 1982, respectively; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil and commercial law National holiday: National Day, 1 October Branches: control is exercised by Chinese Communist Party, through State Council, which supervises ministries, commissions, bureaus, etc., all technically under the Stand- ing Committee of the National People's Congress Government leaders: ZHAO Ziyang, Pre- mier of State Council (since September 1 980); LI Xiannian, President (since June 1983); PENG Zhen, Chairman of NPC Standing Committee (since June 1983) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: elections held for People's Con- gress representatives at county level Political parties and leaders: Chinese Com- munist Party (CCP), headed by Hu Yaobang as General Secretary of Central Committee Communists: about 39 million party mem- bers in 1981 Other political or pressure groups: such op- position as exists consists of loose coalitions that vary by issue rather than organized groups; the People's Liberation Army has conventionally been seen as a major force, but its political influence has been much re- duced over the past few years Member of: FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, Multifiber Arrangement, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GNP: $309 billion (1984 est.), $300 per capita Agriculture: main crops rice, wheat, other grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture mainly subsistence; grain imports 12.7 million met- ric tons in 1983 Major industries: iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum Shortages: complex machinery and equip- ment, highly skilled scientists and technicians, energy, and transport Crude steel: 43.7 million metric tons pro- duced, 42 kg per capita (1984) Electric power: 79,200,000 kW capacity (1984); 360 billion kWh produced (1984), 346 kWh per capita 47 China (continued) Colombia Exports: $23.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); manufac- tured goods, agricultural products, oil, minerals Imports: $18.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); grain, chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw ma- terials, machinery, equipment Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong, US, FRG, Jordan, Canada, Brazil, Singapore (1983) Monetary conversion rate: 2.64 renminbi yuan=US$l (31 October 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: networks total about 52,500 route km common carrier lines; about 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; rest 1.435-meter stan- dard gauge; all single track except approximately 9,500 km double track on standard gauge lines; approximately 3,000 km electrified; about 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 me- ters) Highways: about 1,001,000 km all types roads; about 260,000 km unimproved natural earth roads and tracks; about 581 ,000 km im- proved earth roads; about 190,000 km paved roads Inland waterways: 138,600 km; about 108,900 km navigable Pipelines: crude, 6,000 km; refined products, 1,100 km; natural gas, 3,600 km Ports: 15 major, approximately 180 minor Airfields: 322 total; 263 with permanent-sur- face runways; 13 with runways 3,500 m and over; 66 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m; 221 with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 26 with run- ways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane stations; 7 heliports, 7 airfields under construction Telecommunications: fair to good domestic and international services exist primarily for official purposes; unevenly distributed inter- nal system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships; 29,092 long-dis- tance telephone exchange lines with direct, automatic service to 26 cities; 5. 15 million di- rect line telephones (3-5 telephones per 100 popl. in large cities, 1 telephone per 200popl. national average); local public nets are 65% automatic; 40,000 post and telegraph offices with about 700 main telegraph centers capa- ble of general message service at the county level and above; subscriber teleprinter ex- change (telex) and facsimile available in 14 main metropolitan areas; unknown number of data information transfer points; domestic audio radio broadcast coverage to 64.5% of the population; 122 main AM and 630 trans- mitter and relay stations; unknown number of FM radio and wired rebroadcast stations with 215 million receivers; TV coverage to 60% of the population; 52 TV centers; about 400 local and network TV relay transmitter stations; 7,000 low-power recorder and re- distribution facilities; 36 million mono- chrome and color TV receiver sets; 2 major international switching centers and 1 re- gional outlet, satellite communications and long-haul point-to-point radio circuits, re- gional cable and wire landlines, directional radio-relay, and sealed coaxial telephone ca- ble (damaged) permit linkage with most countries; direct voice and message commu- nications with 46 countries and regions; TV exchange to major cities on 5 continents through INTELSAT Pacific and Indian. Ocean earth satellite; AM radio broadcasts in 38 languages to 140 countries and regions Defense Forces Branches: Chinese People's Liberation Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy (including Marines), CPLA Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 285,513,000; 159,299,000 fit for military ser- vice; 13,080,000 reach military age (18) annually Caribbean Sea . Barranquilla Sec regional map IV 48 Land 1,138,914 km 2 ; about the size of Texas and New Mexico combined; 72% unsettled (mostly forest and savannah); 28% settled (consisting of 5% crop and fallow; 14% pas- ture, 6% forest, swamp, and water; 3% urban and other) Land boundaries: 6,035 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 2,414 km People Population: 29,506,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.1% Nationality: noun Colombian(s); adjec- tive Colombian Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% Cauca- sian, 14% mulatto, 4% black, 3% mixed black- Indian, 1% Indian Religion: 95% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish Literacy: 81% Labor force: 9 million (1982); 53% services, 26% agriculture, 21% industry (1980); 14% official unemployment (1984) Organized labor: 1,418,321 members (1982) Government Official name: Republic of Colombia Type: republic; executive branch dominates government structure Capital: Bogota Political subdivisions: 22 departments, 3 intendancies, 5 commissariats, Bogota Spe- cial District Legal system: based on Spanish law; religious courts regulate marriage and divorce; con- stitution decreed in 1886, amendments codified in 1946 and 1968; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva- tions National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July Branches: President, bicameral legislature (Parliament Senate, House of Represen- tatives), judiciary Government leader: Belisario BETANCUR Cuartas, President (since August 1982) Suffrage: age 18 and over Elections: every fourth year; last presidential election held in May 1982; last congressional election March 1982; municipal and depart- mental elections every two years, last held in March 1984 Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party leadership currently undergoing changes, with eight congressmen sharing plu- ral leadership; main dissident faction is headed by Luis Carlos Galan; Conservative Party Alvaro Gomez Hurtado and Misael Pastrana Borrero head the two principal wings united behind current President Belisario Betancur, who leads a small faction; Communist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira White; Communist Party/Marxist-Leninist (PCC/ML), Maoist orientation Voting strength: (1982 presidential election) Belisario Betancur 46.8%, Alfonso Lopez Michelsen 40.7%, Luis Carlos Galan 11.1%, Gerardo Molina 1.2%, other 1.2%; 49% ab- stention Communists: 10,000-12,000 members est. Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,.IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional Group, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: $48 billion (1984 est).; $1,660 per cap- ita (1984); 69% private consumption, 26% gross investment, 9% public consumption (1982); growth rate 1.5% (1984) Agriculture: main crops coffee, rice, corn, sugarcane, marijuana, coca, plantains, ba- nanas, cotton, tobacco Fishing: catch 71,381 metric tons 1982 Major industries: textiles, food processing, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, metal products, and cement Crude steel: 391,000 metric tons produced (1980/81 est.), 14 kg per capita Electric power: 8,350,000 kW capacity (1984); 26 billion kWh produced (1984), 920 kWh per capita Exports: $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); coffee, fuel oil, cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cattle and hides, bananas, fresh cut flowers Imports: $5.0 billion (c.i.f., 1983); transporta- tion equipment, machinery, industrial metals and raw materials, chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, fuels, fertilizers, paper and paper products, foodstuffs and beverages Major trade partners: exports 29% US, 18% FRG, 7% Venezuela, 5% Italy, 4.5% Ja- pan; imports 35% US, 11% Japan, 7% Venezuela, 6% FRG, 3% France, 2.5% Spain, 1% Ecuador (1983) Budget: (1983) revenues, $3.9 billion; expen- ditures, $5.3 billion Monetary conversion rate: 108.129 pesos=US$l (31 October 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 3,563 km, all 0.914-meter gauge, single track Highways: 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by river boats Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined prod- ucts, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km; natural gas liquids, 125 km Ports: 6 major (Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, San Andres, Santa Marta, Tumaco) Civil air: 106 major transport aircraft Airfields: 621 total, 608 usable; 61 with per- manent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,660 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 91 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: nationwide radio- relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta- tion with 2 antennas and 8 domestic satellite stations; 1.75 million telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 375 AM, 130 FM, 85 TV stations Defense Forces Branches: Army of Colombia, Colombian Air Force, National Navy Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,646,000; 5,421,000 fit for military service; about 356,000 reach military age (18) annually 49 Comoros iMORor [MORONI C \Grande Comore Moheli 50km Indian Ocean Anjouan Mayotte (administered by France, claimed bv Comoros! Sttrrtionil mip VII Land 2,171 km 2 ; half the size of Delaware; 4 main islands; 48% cultivated, 29% uncultivated, 16% forest, 7% pasture Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 340 km People Population: 469,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 2.9% Nationality: noun Comoran(s); adjective Comoran Ethnic divisions: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava Religion: 86% Sunni Muslim, 14% Roman Catholic Language: Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect), Malagasy, French Literacy: 15% Labor force: 140,000(1982); 87% agriculture, 3% government; significant unemployment Government Official name: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros Type: three of the four islands compose an independent republic, following local government's unilateral declaration of inde- pendence from France in July 1975; the other island, Mayotte, disallowed declaration and is now a French territorial community but is claimed by the Comoros Capital: Moroni Political subdivisions: the three islands are organized into seven regions Legal system: French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code 1 Branches: presidency; 38-member legisla- ture (Federal Assembly) Government leader: Ahmed ABDALLAH ABDEREMANE, President (since October 1978) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: Abdallah Abderemane won 1984 presidential election with 99% majority; Fed- eral Assembly elected in March 1982 Political party: sole legal political party is Comoran Union for Progress (UCP) Voting strength: UCP holds 37 seats in the Federal Assembly Communists: information not available Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GNP: $107 million (1982), about $330 per capita Agriculture: food crops rice, manioc, maize, fruits, vegetables, coconuts, cinna- mon, yams; export crops essential oils for perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla, co- pra, cloves Major industry: perfume distillation Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity (1984); 5 million kWh produced (1984), 10 kWh per capita 50 Exports: $18 million (f.o.b., 1982); perfume oils, vanilla, copra, cloves Imports: $19 million (f.o.b., 1982); rice and other foodstuffs, cement, fuels, chemicals, textiles Major trade partners: France, Madagascar, FRG Budget: (1982) domestic revenue, $6 million; foreign revenue, $20 million; current expen- ditures, $10 million; development expenditures, $3 million; extrabudgetary ex- penditures, $31 million Monetary conversion rate: 468.75 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (31 October 1984) Communications Railroads: none Highways: 1,110 km total; approximately 406 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel Ports: 1 major (Mutsamudu on Anjouan Is- land); 2 minor Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: sparse system of radio-relay and HF radio communication stations for interisland and external commu- nications to Madagascar and Reunion; 1,800 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, no TV station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 104,000; 61,000 fit for military service Ships: 1 landing craft Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $2.9 million; about 16% of the central government budget Congo 225km See rfgional map VI] Land 342,000 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Montana; 63% dense forest or wood, 31% meadow, 4% urban or waste, 2% cultivated (est.) Land boundaries: 4,514 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 Coastline: 169 km People Population: 1,798,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.0% Nationality: noun Congolese (sing., pi.); adjective Congolese or Congo Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups di- vided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most important ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in south, Sangha (20%) and M'Bochi (12%) in north, Teke (17%) in center; about 8,500 Europeans, mostly French Religion: 48% animist, 47% Christian, 2% Muslim Language: French (official); many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo most widely used Literacy: over 50% Labor force: about 40% of population eco- nomically active (1983); 75% agriculture, 25% commerce, industry, government; 79,100 wage earners; 40,000-60,000 unem- ployed Organized labor: 20% of total labor force (1979 est.) Government Official name: People's Republic of the Congo Type: republic; military regime established September 1968 Capital: Brazzaville Political subdivisions: nine regions divided into districts Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem and customary law; constitution adopted 1973 National holiday: National Day, 15 August Branches: presidential executive, Council of State; judiciary; all policy made by Congolese Workers Party Central Committee and Polit- buro Government leaders: Col. Denis SASSOU- NGUESSO, President (since 1979); Ange Edouard POUNGU1, Prime Minister (since July 1984) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: elections for local and regional or- gans and the National Assembly were held in July 1979 the first elections since June 1973 Political parties and leaders: Congolese Workers Party (PCT) is only legal party Communists: unknown number of Commu- nists and sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC), Gen- eral Union of Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC) Member of: Af DB, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, EGA, EIB (as- sociate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, UDEAC, UEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GDP: about $1.8 billion (1984 est.), $1,332 per capita; real growth rate 3.1% per year (1984) Agriculture: cash crops sugarcane, wood, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, peanuts, to- bacco; food crops root crops, rice, corn, bananas, manioc, fish Fishing: catch 18,934 metric tons (1982) Major industries: crude oil, cement, saw- mills, brewery, cigarettes, sugar mill, soap Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity (1984); 268 million kWh produced (1984), 153 kWh per capita Exports: $997.4 billion (f .o.b., 1983); oil, lum- ber, tobacco, veneer, plywood, coffee, cocoa Imports: $607.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); ma- chinery, transport equipment, manu- factured consumer goods, iron and steel, foodstuffs, chemical products, sugar Major trade partners: France, other EC countries, US Budget: (1983) revenues, $717 million; cur- rent expenditures, $477 million; development expenditures, $420 million Monetary conversion rate: 443.15 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (August 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year 51 Congo (continued) Cook Islands Communications Railroads: 727 km, 1 .067-meter gauge, single track Highways: 11,970 km total; 555 km bitumi- nous surface treated; 848 km gravel, laterite, 5,347 km improved earth, and 5,220 km un- improved roads Inland waterways: 6,485 km navigable Pipelines: crude oil 25 km Ports: 1 major (Pointe-Noire) Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft Airfields: 48 total, 43 usable; 5 with perma- nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: services adequate for government use; primary network is com- posed of radio-relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe- Noire, and Loubomo; 17,300 telephones (1.1 per 100 popl.); 3 AM stations, 1 FM station, 4 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili- tary National People's Militia Military manpower: males 15-49, 398,000; 200,000 fit for military service; about 18,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $51.5 million; about 5% of central government budget South Pacific Ocean 375km Sec regional map X -*AVARUA Land About 240 km 2 Water Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm Coastline: about 120 km People Population: 17,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 0.7% Nationality: noun Cook Islander(s); adjec- tive Cook Islander Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full blood), 7.7% Polynesian and European, 7.7% Polynesian and other, 2.4% European, 0.9% other Religion: Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church Government Official name: Cook Islands Type: self-governing in "free association" with New Zealand; Cook Islands Govern- ment fully responsible for internal affairs and has right at any time to move to full indepen- dence by unilateral action; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with Cook Islands Government Capital: Avarua, located on Rarotonga Branches: New Zealand Governor General appoints Representative to Cook Islands, who represents the Queen and the New Zealand Government; Representative appoints the Prime Minister; Parliament of 24 members, popularly elected; House of Arikis (chiefs), 15 members, appointed by Representative, an advisory body only Government leader: Sir Thomas DAVIS, Prime Minister (since July 1978) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: every five years, latest in Novem- ber 1983 Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey Henry; Democratic Party, Thomas Davis Voting strength: (1983) Parliament Cook Islands Party, 11 seats; Democratic Party, 13 seats Member of: ADB, IDA, IFC, IMF Economy GDP: $15.4 million (1977), $860 per capita (1978) Agriculture: export crops include copra, cit- rus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, and bananas, with subsistence crops of yams and taro Major industry: fruit processing Electric power: 4,750 kW capacity (1984); 15 million kWh produced (1984), 880 kWh per capita Exports: $3.0 million (1977); copra, fresh and canned fruit Imports: $16.8 million (1977); foodstuffs, tex- tiles, fuels Major trade partners: (1970) exports 98% New Zealand; imports 76% New Zealand, 7% Japan Aid: Australia (1980-83), $2.0 million; Aus- tralia and New Zealand (1977), $6.5 million 52 Costa Rica Government budget: $121 million (1977) Monetary conversion rate: 1.533 New Zealand$=US$l (February 1984) Communications Railroads: none Highways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: none Ports: 2 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: 6 AM, no FM, no TV stations; 7,000 radio receivers; 1,186 tele- phones (1.3 per 100 popl.) Nafth Pacific Ocean See regional mtp III Land 50,700 km 2 ; smaller than West Virginia; 60% forest; 30% agricultural (22% meadow and pasture, 8% cultivated); 10% waste, urban, and other Land boundaries: 670 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; specialized competence over living resources to 200 nm) Coastline: 1,290km People Population: 2,655,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.5% Nationality: noun Costa Rican(s); adjec- tive Costa Rican Ethnic divisions: 96% white (including mes- tizo), 3% black, 1% Indian Religion: 95% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish (official), with Jamaican dialect of English spoken around Puerto Limon Literacy: 93% La bor force: 891,000(1982 est.); 40.4% indus- try and commerce, 32.6% agriculture, 25% government and services, 2% other; 9.5% un- employment (1984 official); 15% unem- ployment (1984 unofficial) Organized labor: about 13.8% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Costa Rica Type: democratic republic Capital: San Jose Political subdivisions: 7 provinces divided into 80 cantons and districts Legal system: based on Spanish civil law sys- tem; constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of Costa Rica; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris- diction National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: executive President (head of government and chief of state), elected for a single four-year term; two vice presidents; legislative 57-delegate unicameral Legisla- tive Assembly elected at four-year intervals; judiciary Supreme Court of Justice (17 magistrates elected by Legislative Assembly at eight-year intervals) Government leader: Luis Alberto MONGE Alvarez, President (since May 1982) Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18 and over Elections: every four years; last, February 1982 Political parties and leaders: National Liber- ation Party (PLN), Luis Alberto Monge, Daniel Oduber, Jose "Pepe" Figueres; Na- tional Movement (MN), Mario Echandi; new United Social Christian Party (PUSC) com- prised of the four Unity Coalition (UNIDAD) parties Democratic Renovation Party (PRO), Oscar Aguilar Bulgarelli; Christian 53 Costa Rica (continued) Democratic Party (PDC), Rafael Grille Ri- vera; Republican Calderonista Party (PRC), Rafael Angel Calderon Fournier; Popular Union Party (PUP), Cristian Tallenbach Iglesias; three Marxist parties plus another nonregistered leftist party Popular Van- guard Party (PVP), Humberto Vargas Carbonell; New Republic Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick Ardon; Socialist Party (PS), Alvaro Montero Mejia; Peoples' Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Manuel Mora Valverde; others National Defense Party, J. Francisco Herrera Romero; National Republican Party, Ronaldo Rodriguez Varela; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose Echever- ria Brealey Voting strength: (1982 election) PLN, 33 seats; UNIDAD, 18 seats; PVP, 2 seats; PS, 1 seat; MNR, 1 seat; MN, 1 seat; other, 1 seat Communists: 10,000 members and sym- pathizers Other political or pressure groups: Costa Ri- can Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party affiliate), Confed- erated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers, National Association for Economic Develop- ment (ANFE), Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants), National Asso- ciation of Educators (ANDE) Member of: CACM, Central American Dem- ocratic Community, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter- American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multina- tional Shipping Line Naviera Multi- nacional del Caribe), OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $3.3 billion (1983 est.), $1,308 per cap- ita; 65% private consumption, 15% public consumption, 23% gross domestic invest- ment, 4% net foreign balance (1981); 0% real growth rate (1983 est.) Agriculture: main products coffee, ba- nanas, sugarcane, rice, corn, cocoa, livestock products Fishing: catch 10,902 metric tons (1982) Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertil- Electric power: 820,000 kW capacity (1984); 2.7 billion kWh produced (1984), 1,040 kWh per capita . Exports: $900 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.); cof- fee, bananas, beef, sugar, cacao Imports: $900 million (c.i.f., 1984 est.); manufactured products, machinery, trans- portation equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, fertilizer Major trade partners: exports 35% US, 27% CACM, 10% FRG; imports 36% US, 17% CACM, 12% Japan, 4% FRG (1980) Aid: economic bilateral commitments US authorized (FY70-83), including Ex-Im, $430 million, other Western countries ODA and OOF (1970-82) $241 million, Communist countries (1971-83) $27 million; military commitments US (FY70-83), $12 million Budget: (1983) $321 million total revenues, $321 million; total expenditures including debt amortization, $544 million Monetary conversion rate: 44.25 colones=US$l (November 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 700 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 243 km electrified Highways: 15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: about 730 km, seasonally navigable Pipelines: refined products, 176 km Ports: 1 major (Limon), 4 secondary (Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas) Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft Airfields: 230 total, 224 usable; 27 with per- manent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: very good domestic telephone service; 265, 900 telephones (11 per 100 pop!.); connection intoCentral American microwave net; 55 AM, 46 FM, 14 TV sta- tions; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard Military manpower: males 15-49, 711,000; 483,000 fit for military service; about 32,000 reach military age (18) annually Supply: dependent on imports from US Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $18. 3 million for Ministry of Public Security, including the Civil Guard; about 2.8% of total central government bud- get; $18.8 million for Ministry of Govern- ment; 2.9% of total central government budget 54 Cuba Straits of Florida HAVANA Caribbean Sea Stt regional map III Land 1 14,471 km 2 ; nearly as large as Pennsylvania; 35% cultivated; 30% meadow and pasture; 20% waste, urban, or other; 15% forest Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 3,735 km People Population: 10,105,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.1% Nationality, noun Cuban(s); adjective Cuban Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white, 11% black, 1% Chinese Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power Language: Spanish Literacy: 96% Labor force: 3.0 million in 1982; 28% ser- vices, 21% industry, 20% agriculture, 11% commerce, 9% construction, 7% transporta- tion and communication, 4% other Government Official name: Republic of Cuba Type: Communist state Capital: Havana Political subdivisions: 14 provinces and 169 municipalities Legal system: based on Spanish and Ameri- can law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; Fundamental Law of 1959 re- placed constitution of 1940; a new constitution was approved at the Cuban Communist Party's First Party Congress in December 1975 and by a popular referen- dum, which took place on 15 February 1976; portions of the new constitution were put into effect on 24 February 1976, by means of a Constitutional Transition Law, and the en- tire constitution became effective on 2 December 1976; legal education at Universi- ties of Havana, Oriente, and Las Villas; does not accept compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction National holiday: Anniversary of the Revo- lution, 1 January Branches: executive; legislature (National Assembly of the People's Power); controlled judiciary Government leader: Fidel CASTRO Ruz, President (since January 1959) Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 16 Elections: National People's Assembly (indi- rect election) every five years; election held November 1981 Political parties and leaders: Cuban Com- munist Party (PCC), First Secretary Fidel Castro Ruz, Second Secretary Raul Castro Ruz Communists: approx. 400,000 party mem- bers Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77, CATT, lADB(nonparticipant), IAFA, ICAO, IFAD, ICO, IHO, ILO, IMO, IRC, ISO, ITU, I WC International Wheat Council, NAM, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Ship- ping Line Naviera Multinacional del Caribe), OAS (nonparticipant), PAHO, Per- manent Court of Arbitration, Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: $14.9 billion in 1974 dollars (1982 est); $1,534 per capita in 1974 dollars (1982 est.); real growth rate 1.4% (1982 est.) Agriculture: main crops sugar, tobacco, rice, potatoes, tul>er.s, citrus fruits, coffee Fishing: catch 195,000 metric tons (1982); ex- ports $122 million (1983 est.) Major industries: sugar milling, i>etroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, tex- tiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals, cement Shortages: spare parts for transportation and industrial machinery, consumer goods Crude steel: 363,700 metric tons produced (1983); 37 kg per capita Electric power: 3,360,000 kW capacity (1984); 10.42 billion kWh produced (1984), 1, 043 kWh per capita Exports: $6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1983); sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco, coffee Imports: $7.2 billion (c.i.f., 1983); capital goods, industrial raw materials, food, petro- leum Major trade partners: exports 70% USSR, 16% other Communist countries; imports 68% USSR, 19% other Communist countries (1983) Aid: from US (FY46-61 ), $4 1 .5 million (loans $37. 5 million, grants $4.0 million); economic aid (1960-78) from USSR, $5.7 billion in eco- nomic credit and $1 1.0 billion in subsidies; military assistance from the USSR (1959-78), $1.6 billion Budget: $11.9 billion (1983) Monetary conversion rate: 0.8772 peso=US$l (30 June 1984) 55 Cuba (continued) Cyprus Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 14,925 km total; Cuba National Railways operates 5,295 km of 1.435-meter gauge track; 199 km electrified; 9,630 km of sugar plantation lines of 0.914-1.435-meter gauge Highways: approximately 21,000 km total; 9,000 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced Inland waterways: 240 km Pipelines: natural gas, 80 km Ports: 8 major (including US Naval Base at Guantanamo), 40 minor Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft Airfields: 204 total, 195 usable; 64 with per- manent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Defense Forces Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces, Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, Ministry of Interior Spe- cial Troops, Border Guard Troops Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 5,517,000; of the 2,765,000 males 15-49, 1,737,000 are fit for military service; of the 2,752,000 females 15-49, 1 ,705,000 are fit for military service; 117,000 males and 114,000 females reach military age (17) annually 50km Mediterranean Sea United Nitionil ButfrZon ) Kyrsni (Limassol Mediterranean Sea Set rr|liml mip VI Land 9,251 km 2 ; smaller than Connecticut; 60% ar- able (including permanent crop); 25% waste, urban areas, and other; 15% forest pasture Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 1 2 nm Coastline: approximately 648 km People Population: 670,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 1.3% Nationality: noun Cypriot(s); adjective Cypriot Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish; 4% Armenian, Maronite, and other Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox; 18% Muslim; 4% Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other Language: Greek, Turkish, English Literacy: about 89% Creek Sector labor force: 240,900 ( 1 982); 42% services, 33% industry, 22% agriculture; 3. 1 % unemployed Government Official name: Republic of Cyprus Type: republic; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island be- gan after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypri- ots de facto control over the northern 37 percent of the republic; Greek Cypriots con- trol the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983, Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf Denktash declared independence and the formation of a "Turk- ish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which has been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of inter- communal differences and creation of a new federal system of government Capital: Nicosia Political subdivisions: 6 administrative dis- tricts Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modifications; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Oc- tober Branches: currently the Government of Cy- prus has effective authority over only the Greek Cypriot community; headed by Presi- dent of the Republic and comprising Council of Ministers, House of Representatives, and Supreme Court; Turkish Cypriots declared their own "constitution" and governing bod- ies within the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus" in 1975; "state" renamed "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; the Turkish Cypriots are drafting a new constitu- tion for the Turkish sector and preparing for elections for a new executive and legislature Government leaders: Spyros KYPRIANOU, President (since August 1977); Turkish Sec- tor Rauf DENKTASH, "President" (since February 1975) Suffrage: universal age 21 and over .56 Elections: officially every five years (last presidential election held in February 1983); parliamentary elections held in May 1981; Turkish sector "presidential" elections last held in June 1981; "Constituent Assembly" appointed in late 1983 Political parties and leaders: Greek Cyp- riot Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Ezekias Papaioannou; Democratic Rally (DESY), Glaf kos Clerides; Democratic Party (DEKO), Spyros Kyprianou; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos Lyssarides; Turkish sector National Unity Party (NUP), Dervis Eroglu; Communal Lib- eration Party (CLP), Ismail Bozkurt; Republican Turkish Party (RTP), Ozker Ozgur; other minor parties Voting strength: in the 1983 presidential election, incumbent Spyros Kyprianou re- tained his position by winning 56% of the vote; in the 1981 parliamentary election, the pro- Western Democratic Rally and Commu- nist AKEL each received 12 of the 35 seats; Kyprianou 's center-right Democratic Party received eight seats; and socialist EDEK won three seats; in 1981 "presidential" elections in the Turkish Cypriot sector, Rauf Denktash won with 52 percent of the vote Communists: about 12,000 Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cy- prus Farmers Union (PEK; pro- West); Pan- Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled); Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro- West); Federa- tion of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk- Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is) Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Eu- rope, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO; Turkish Federated State of Cyprus OIC (observer) Economy GDP: $2.1 billion (1983), $3,213 per capita; 1983 est. real growth rate 2.6% Turkish Sector GDP: $206.3 million (1982 est.), $1,361 per capita Agriculture: main crops potatoes and other vegetables, grapes, citrus fruit, wheat, carob beans, olives Major industries: mining (iron pyrites, gyp- sum, asbestos), manufactures principally for local consumption beverages, footwear, clothing, cement Electric power: 620,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.415 billion kWh produced (1984), 2,137 kWh per capita Exports: $495.4 million (f.o.b., 1983); princi- pal items food and beverages, including citrus, raisins, potatoes, wine; also cement and clothing Turkish Sector exports: $39.5 million (f.o.b., 1982); principal items citrus fruits, pota- toes, metal pipes, pyrites Imports: $1.221 billion (c.i.f., 1983); princi- pal items manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, food Turkish Sector imports: $1 19.9 million (c.i.f., 1982); principal items foodstuffs, raw ma- terials, fuels, machinery Major trade partners: imports (1983) 13.6% UK, 10.9% Japan, 9.7% Italy, 8.1% FRG, 6.5% Iraq; exports (1983) 16.4% UK, 13.7% Saudi Arabia, 8.4% Syria, 5.3% Libya, 4.0% USSR Turkish Sector major trade partners: im- ports (1982) 42% EC, 41% Turkey, 4% Japan, 1% US; exports (1982) 67% EC, 18% Turkey, 5% Syria, 3% UAE, 3% Saudi Arabia Budget: (1983) revenues, $491.3 million; ex- penditures, $645.4 million; deficit, $154.1 million Turkish Sector budget: (1982) revenues, $49.2 million; expenditures, $63.9 million; deficit, $14.7 million Monetary conversion rate: .63 Cyprus pound=US$l (October 1984) Turkish Sector monetary conversion rate: 225.46 Turkish liras=US$l (1983 average) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 10,778 km total; 5, 169 km bitumi- nous surface treated; 5,609 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth Ports: 3 major (Famagusta, Larnaca, Limassol), 1 secondary (Vasilikos) under con- struction, 6 minor; Famagusta under Turkish Cypriot control Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft Airfields: 14 total, 13 usable; 9 with perma- nent-surface runways; 6 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: moderately good tele- communication system in both Greek Turkish sectors; 150,000 telephones (20 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 6 FM, and 30 TV stations; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and Turkey; 3 submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlan- tic Ocean satellite antenna and 1 Indian Ocean antenna Defense Forces Branches: Cyprus National Guard; Turkish sector Turkish Cypriot Security Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 181,000; 126,000 fit for military service; about 5,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $66 million; about 10.4% of central government budget 57 Czechoslovakia 175km See regional map V Land 127,870 km 2 ; the size of New York; 60% ara- ble, 35% forest, 14% other agricultural, 9% other Land boundaries: 3,540 km People Population: 15,503,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.3% Nationality: noun Czechoslovak(s); adjec- t i ve Czechoslo va k Ethnic divisions: 64.3% Czech, 30.5% Slo- vak, 3.8% Hungarian, 0.4% German, 0.4% Polish, 0.3% Ukrainian, 0.1% Russian, 0.2% other (Jewish, Gypsy) Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes- tant, 2% Orthodox, 1% other Language: Czech and Slovak (official), Hun- garian Literacy: 99% Labor force: 7.8 million; 38.1% industry; 12.5% agriculture; 49.4% construction, com- munications, and other (1982) Government Official name: Czechoslovak Socialist Re- public (CSSR) Type: Communist state Capital: Prague Political subdivisions: 2 ostensibly separate and nominally autonomous republics (Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Re- public); 7 regions (kraj) in Czech lands, 3 regions in Slovakia; republic capitals of Prague and Bratislava have regional status Legal system: civil law system based on Aus- trian-Hungarian codes, modified by Communist legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1960, amended in 1968 and 1970; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal educa- tion at Charles University School of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May Branches: executive President (elected by Federal Assembly), Cabinet (appointed by President); legislative (Federal Assembly; elected directly House of Nations, House of the People), Czech and Slovak National Councils (also elected directly) legislate on limited area of regional matters; judiciary, Supreme Court (elected by Federal Assem- bly); entire governmental structure dominated by Communist Party Government leaders: Gustav HUSAK, Presi- dent (since 1975); Lubomir STROUGAL, Premier (since 1970) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: governmental bodies and presi- dent every five years (last election June 1981) Dominant political party and leader: Com- munist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC), Gustav Husak, General Secretary (since 1969); Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS) has status of "provincial KSC organization" Voting strength: (1981 election) 99.96% for Communist-sponsored single slate Communists: 1.6 million party members and candidate members (August 1984) Other political groups: puppet parties Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, Slovak Freedom Party, Slo- vak Revival Party Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy CNP: $147.1 billion in 1982 (in 1982 dollars), $9,550 per capita; 1982 real growth rate 0.5% Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main crops wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, pota- toes, sugar beets, hogs, cattle, horses; net food importer meat, wheat, vegetable oils, fresh fruits and vegetables Major industries: iron and steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics, wood, paper products Shortages: ores, crude oil Crude steel: 15.0 million metric tons pro- duced (1983), 974 kg per capita Electric power: 19,800,000 kW capacity (1984); 78.578 billion kWh produced (1984), 5,080 kWh per capita Exports.- $16.265 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 54% machinery, equipment; 17% manufactured consumer goods; 15% fuels, raw materials, metals; 7% foods, food products, live animals, forestry (1982) Imports: $16.219 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 39% fuels, raw materials, metals; 33% machinery, equipment; 14% foods, food products, live animals, forestry; 5% manufactured con- sumer goods (1980) Major trade partners: USSR, GDR, Poland, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bul- garia, Romania; $32,484 million (1982); 71% with Communist countries, 29% with non- Communist countries (1982) 58 Denmark Monetary conversion rate: 6.45 koronas=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year NOTE: foreign trade figures were converted at the rate of 6.9 koronas=US$l (January 1982) Communications Railroads: 13,142 km total; 12,883 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 102 km 1.524-meter broad gauge, 157 km 0.750- and 0.760-meter narrow gauge; 2,866 km double track; 3,171 km electrified; government owned (1982) Highways: 73,881 km total; 60,582 km con- crete, asphalt, stone block; 13,299 km gravel, crushed stone (1982) Inland waterways: 475 km (1982) Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined prod- ucts, 1,500 km; natural gas, 7,000 km Freight carried: rail 288.7 million metric tons, 71.6 billion metric ton/km (1982); high- way 1,281.2 million metric tons, 20.9 billion metric ton/km (1982); waterway 11. 4 million metric tons, 3.8 billion metric ton/km (ex- cluding international transit traffic) (1982) Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia, Gdansk, and Szczecin in Poland; Rijeka and Koper in Yugoslavia; Hamburg, FRG; Ros- tock, GDR; principal river ports are Prague, Decin, Komarno, Bratislava (1979) Defense Forces Branches: Czechoslovak People's Army, Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense Forces Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,798,000; 2,924,000 fit for military service; 110,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, 24.6 billion koronas, 7.6% of total budget 100km Skagerrak COPENHAGEN "* i .^ Bornholml Baltic Sea See regional map V Land 43,076 km 2 (exclusive of Greenland and Faroe Islands); the size of Massachusetts and New Hampshire combined; 64% arable, 11% forest, 8% meadow and pasture, 17% other Land boundaries: 68 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 3,379 km People Population: 5,109,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.1% Nationality: noun Dane(s); adjective Danish Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other Language: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking mi- nority Literacy: 99% Labor force: 2,700,000 (1983 average); 34. 1 % social services; 21% manufacturing; 13.3% commerce; 8.2% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 7.9% construction; 7.0% banking and business services; 6.8% transportation; 9.2% unemployment rate Organized labor: 65% of labor force Government Official name: Kingdom of Denmark Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Copenhagen Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 277 com- munes, 88 towns Legal system: civil law system; constitution adopted 1953; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Universities of Co- penhagen and Arhus; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: birthday of the Queen, 16 April Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Folketing); ex- ecutive power vested in Crown but exercised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Su- preme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower courts Government leaders: MARGRETHE II, Queen (since January 1972); Poul SCHLUTER, Prime Minister (since Septem- ber 1982) Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: on call of prime minister but at least every four years (last election lOJanuary 1984) Political parties and leaders: Social Demo- cratic, Anker J0rgensen; Liberal, Uffe Ellemann-Jensen; Conservative, Poul Schliiter; Radical Liberal, Niels Helveg Petersen; Socialist People's, Gert Petersen; Communist, Jorgen Jensen; Left Socialist, Preben Wilnjelm; Center Democratic, Er- hard Jakobsen; Christian People's, Christian Christensen; Justice, Poul Gerhard Kristiansen; Trade and Industry Party, Asger J. Lindinger; Progress Party also known now 59 Denmark (continued) as Free Democratic Party, Mogens Glistrup); Socialist Workers Party, no chairman; Com- munist Workers' Party (KAP), Benito Scocozza Voting strength: ( 1 984 election) 31 .6% Social Democratic, 23.4% Conservative, 12. 1% Lib- eral, 11.5% Socialist People's, 5.5% Radical Liberal, 4.6% Center Democratic, 3.6% Progress, 2.7% Christian People's, 2.6% Left Socialist, 1.5% Justice, 0.7% Communist, 0.2% others Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ELDO (observer), EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB, Inter-American Develop- ment Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GNP: $56.4 billion (1983), $1 1,026 per cap- ita; 56% private consumption, 12.4% private investment, 28% government consumption, 3% government investment; 0.6% net exports of goods and services; 1983 growth rate, 2.5% Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in dairying and animal husbandry; main crops cereals, root crops; food imports oilseed, grain, animal feedstuffs Fishing: catch 1.93 million metric tons (1982), exports $750 million, imports $295 million (1981) Major industries: food processing, machin- ery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, electronics, transport equipment, metal products, bricks and mor- tar, furniture and other wood products Crude steel: 0.6 million metric tons produced (1981), 117 kg per capita Electric power: 9,1 19,000 kW capacity (1984); 21.873 billion kWh produced (1984), 4,279 kWh per capita Exports: $16.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal items meat, dairy products, industrial ma- chinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, transport equip- ment, fish, furs, furniture Imports: $16.3 billion (c.i.f., 1983); principal items industrial machinery, transport equipment, petroleum, textile fibers and yarns, iron and steel products, chemicals, grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper Major trade partners: 1982 exports 47.7% EC, 17.4% FRG, 14.1% UK, 10.9% Sweden, 6.5% Norway, 6% US Aid: donor economic aid commitments (ODA and OOF) $2.7 billion (1970-82) Budget: (1984) expenditures, $24.8 billion; revenues, $18.5 billion Monetary conversion rate: 10.8 kroner=US$l (November 1984 average) Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning 1 Janu- ary Communications Railroads: 2,770 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services); 97 km electrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard gauge lines are privately owned and operated Highways: approximately 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth Inland waterways: 417 km Pipelines: crude oil, 110 km; refined prod- ucts, 418 km; natural gas, 421 km Ports: 10 major, 50 minor Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft Airfields: 132 total, 117 usable; 24 with per- manent-surface runways; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 3.59 mil- lion telephones (70.6 per 1 00 popl. ); 2 AM, 46 FM, 38 TV stations; 14 submarine coaxial ca- bles; satellite earth station for domestic Defense Forces Branches: Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,315,000; 1,108,000 fit for military service; 41,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $1.4 billion; 6.8% of central government budget 60 Djibouti See regional map VII Land 22,000 km 2 ; about the size of New Hamp- shire; 89% desert waste, 10% permanent pasture, less than 1% cultivated Land boundaries: 517 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 314 km (includes offshore islands) People Population: 297,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 2.6% Nationality: noun Djiboutian(s); adjec- tive Djiboutian Ethnic divisions: 60% Somali (Issa); 35% Afar, 5% French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Ital- ian Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian Language: French (official), Somali and Afar widely used Literacy: 20% Labor force: a small number of semiskilled laborers at port Organized labor: some 3,000 railway work- ers organized Government Official name: Republic of Djibouti National holiday: 27 June Type: republic Capital: Djibouti Political subdivisions: 5 cercles (districts) Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem, traditional practices, and Islamic law; partial constitution ratified January 1981 by National Assembly Branches: legislative 65-member parlia- ment (National Assembly), executive, judiciary Government leader: HASSAN Gouled Aptidon, President (since June 1977) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: Parliament elected May 1982 Political parties and leaders: Peoples Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan Gouled Aptidon Communists: possibly a few sympathizers Member of: AfDB, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Develop- ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $369 million (1983); per capita income $1,168(1983) Agriculture: livestock; limited commercial crops, including fruit and vegetables Major industries: transit trade, port, railway, services; live cattle and sheep exports to Saudi Arabia; secondary services to French mili- tary Electric power: 50,000 kW capacity (1984); 88 million kWh produced (1984), 304 kWh per capita Exports: $108 million (f .o.b., 1983); hides and skins and transit of coffee; a large portion consists of reexports to foreign residents of Djibouti Imports: $179 million (f .o.b., 1983); almost all domestically needed goods foods, machin- ery, transport equipment Budget: (1983) revenues, $118 million; grants, $27 million; current expenditures, $120 million; development expenditures, $32 million; extrabudgetary expenditures, $21 million Monetary conversion rate: 177.67 Djibouti francs=US$l (October 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti Highways: 2,800 km total; 279 km bitumi- nous surface, 229 km improved earth, 2,292 km unimproved earth Ports: 1 major (Djibouti) Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 12 total, 11 usable; 1 with perma- nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of urban facilities in Djibouti and radio-relay stations at outlying places; 6,400 telephones (1.8 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, 1 TV station; 1 Indian Ocean satellite ground sta- tion Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramili- tary National Security Force Military manpower: males 15-49, about 64,000; about 38,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $27.8 million; about 22% of central government budget 61 Dominica Caribbean Sea See regional map HI North Atlantic Ocean Land 752.7 km 2 ; about one-fourth the size of Rhode Island; 67% forest; 24% arable; 2% pasture; 7% other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (200 nm fishing zone; 20 nm economic zone) Coastline: 148 km People Population: 74,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 0.2% Nationality: noun Dominican(s); adjec- tive Dominican Ethnic divisions: mostly black; some Carib- Indians Religion: 80% Roman Catholic; Anglican, Methodist Language: English (official); French patois widely spoken Literacy: about 95% Labor force: 23,000; 40% agriculture, 32% in- dustry and commerce, 28% services; 15-20% unemployment Organized labor: 25% of the labor force Government Official name: Commonwealth of Dominica Type: independent state within Common- wealth recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: Roseau Political subdivisions: 10 parishes Legal system: based on English common law; three local magistrate courts and the British Caribbean Court of Appeals Branches: legislative, 11-member popularly elected unicameral House of Assembly; exec- utive, Cabinet headed by Prime Minister; judicial, magistrate's courts and regional court of appeals Government leader: (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES, Prime Minister (since July 1980); Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET, President (since December 1983) Suffrage: universal adult suffrage at age 18 Elections: every five years; most recent 21 July 1980 Political parties and leaders: Labor Party of Dominica (LPD), Michael Douglas; Domi- nica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia Charles Voting strength: (1980 election) House of Assembly seats DFP 17, LPD 2, indepen- dent 2 Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist group Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, GATT (de facto), G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GNP: $56.4 million (1983), $762 per capita; 1981 real growth rate, 8% Agriculture: bananas, citrus, coconuts, cocoa, essential oils Major industries: agricultural processing, tourism, soap and other coconut-based prod- ucts, cigars Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1984); 16 million kWh produced (1984), 216 kWh per capita Exports: $24.7 million (1982); bananas, coco- nuts, lime juice and oil, cocoa, reexports Imports: $48.5 million (1982); machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured articles, cement Major trade partners: exports US, UK, other EC, other CARICOM countries Aid: economic bilateral ODA and OOF (1970-80), from Western (non-US) countries, $22.6 million; no military aid Budget: revenues, $32 million; expenditures, $40 million (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib- bean dollars=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: none Highways: 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth Ports: 1 major (Roseau), 1 minor (Portsmouth) Civil air: unknown number of major trans- port aircraft Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: 4,600 telephones in fully automatic network (5.6 per 100 popl.); VHP and UHF link to St. Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; 3 AM stations, 1 FM station, 1 TV station Defense Forces Branches: Royal Dominica Police Force 62 Dominican Republic 100 km North Atlantic Ocean ^Puerto Plata ahia de Samana Caribbean Sea See region*! map III Land 48,734 km 2 ; the size of New Hampshire and Vermont combined; 45% forest, 20% built on or waste, 17% meadow and pasture, 14% cul- tivated, 4% fallow Land boundaries: 361 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 1,288 km People Population: 6,588,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun Dominican(s); adjec- tive Dominican Ethnic divisions: 73% mixed, 16% white, 11% black Religion: 95% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish Literacy: 68% Labor force: 1.2 million; 47% agriculture, 23% industry and commerce, 16% govern- ment, 14% services Organized labor: 12% of labor force Government Official name: Dominican Republic Type: republic Capital: Santo Domingo Political subdivisions: 26 provinces and the National District Legal system: based on French civil codes; 1966 constitution National holiday: Independence Day, 27 February Branches: President popularly elected for a four-year term; bicameral legislature (Na- tional Congress 27-seat Senate and 120-seat Chamber of Deputies elected for four-year terms); Supreme Court Government leader: Salvador JORGE Blanco, President (since May 1982) Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over age 18 or married, except members of the armed forces and police, who cannot vote Elections: last national election May 1982; next election May 1986 Political parties and leaders: Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jose Francisco Pena Gomez; Reformist Social Christian Party (PRSC), Joaquin Balaguer (formed in 1984 by merger of Reformist Party and Revolutionary Social Christian Party); Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan Bosch; Democratic Quisqueyan Party (POD), Elias Wessin y Wessin; Movement of Na- tional Conciliation (MCN), Jaime Manuel Fernandez Gonzalez; Antireelection Move- ment of Democratic Integration (MIDA), Francisco Augusto Lora; National Civic Union (UCN), Guillermo Delmonte Urraca; National Salvation Movement (MSN), Luis Julian Perez; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Luis Homero Lajara Burgos; Domini- can Communist Party (PCD), Narciso Isa Conde, central committee, legalized in 1978; Dominican Popular Movement (MPD), ille- gal; 12th of January National Liberation Movement (ML-12E), Plinio Mates Moquete, illegal; Communist Party of the Dominican Republic (PACOREDO), Luis Montas Gon- zalez, illegal; Popular Socialist Party (PSP), illegal; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Ivan Rodriguez; Democratic Union (UD), Ramon Antonio Flores; Revolutionary League of Workers (LRT), Claudio Tavarez; in 1983 several leftist parties, including the Communists, joined to form the Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual party structures Voting strength: (1982 election) 74% voter turnout; 46.76% PRD, 39.14% PR, 9.69% PLD; 4.41% minor parties Communists: an estimated 7,000 to 9,000 members in several legal and illegal factions; effectiveness limited by ideological differ- ences and organizational inadequacies Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $7.6 billion (1982), $1,400 per capita; real GDP growth - 1.0% (1982) Agriculture: main crops sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, rice, corn Major industries: tourism, sugar processing, nickel mining, gold mining, textiles, cement Electric power: 1,360,000 kW capacity (1984); 3.1 billion kWh produced (1984), 483 kWh per capita Exports: $781.7 million (f.o.b., 1983); sugar, nickel, coffee, tobacco, cocoa Imports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); foodstuffs, petroleum, industrial raw materials, capital equipment Major trade partners: exports 46% US, in- cluding Puerto Rico (1980); imports 45% US, including Puerto Rico (1980) 63 Dominican Republic (continued) Ecuador Aid: economic bilateral commitments, in- cluding Ex-Im (FY70-83), from US, $599 million; ODA and OOF from other Western countries (1970-82), $210 million; military authorized from US (1970-83), $33 million Budget: revenues, $1.1 billion; expenditures, $1.0 million (1983) Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$l (December 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 375 km total of 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned Highways: 12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 km unimproved Pipelines: refined products, 69 km Ports: 4 major (Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata), 17 minor Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft Airfields: 47 total, 34 usable; 14 with perma- nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide radio- relay network; 175,100 telephones (3 per 100 popl.); 122 AM, 62 FM, 37 TV stations; 1 co- axial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,637,000; 1,080,000 fit for military service; 82,000 reach military age (18) annually 175 km Boundary representation is nol necessarily authoritative See regional map I \ Galapagos Islands Land 283,561 km 2 (including Galapagos Islands); the size of Colorado; 55% forest; 11% culti- vated, 8% meadow and pasture; 26% waste, urban, or other (excludes the Oriente and the Galapagos Islands, for which information is not available) Land boundaries: 1,931 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 2,237 km (includes Galapagos Islands) People Population: 8,884,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun Ecuadorean(s); adjec- tive Ecuadorean Ethnic divisions: 55% mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish), 25% Indian, 10% Spanish, 10% black Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority nonpracticing) Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects, especially Quechua Literacy: 84% Labor force: (1983) 2.8 million; 52% agricul- ture, 13% manufacturing, 7% commerce, 4% construction, 4% public administration, 16% other services and activities Organized labor: less than 15% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Ecuador National holiday: Independence Day, 10 August Type: republic Capital: Quito Political subdivisions: 20 provinces includ- ing Galapagos Islands Legal system: based on civil law system; pro- gressive new constitution passed in January 1978 referendum; came into effect following the installation of a new civilian government in August 1979; legal education at four state and two private universities; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Branches: executive; unicameral legislature (Chamber of Representatives); independent judiciary Government leader: Leon FEBRES- CORDERO Ribadeneyra, President (since August 1984) Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory for literates Elections: parliamentary and presidential elections held January 1984; second-stage presidential election held May 1984; govern- ment and legislature took office in August 1984; an amendment to the constitution in August 1983 changed the term of office for the president from 5 to 4 years; the 59 depu- ties elected by the provinces serve for 2 years; the 12 at-large deputies serve for 4 years Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party (PSC, the party of President Leon Febres-Cordero), center-right; Popular De- mocracy (DP), Osvaldo Hurtado; Christian Democratic, Julio Cesar Trujillo; Democratic 64 Left (ID); Social Democratic, Rodrigo Borja; Radical Alfarist Front (FRA), Cecilia Calde- ron de Castro, populist; Democratic Party (PD), Francisco Huerta, center-left; Radical Liberal Party, Blasco Penaherrera, center- right; Conservative Party, Jose Teran, center- right; Concentration of Popular Forces (CFP), Averroes Bucaram, populist; People, Change, and Democracy (PCD), Aquiles Rigail, center-left; Ecuadorean Roldocist Party (PRE), Abdala Bucaram, populist; Democratic Popular Movement (MPD), Jaime Hurtado, Communist; Revolutionary Nationalist Party (PNR), Carlos Julio Arosemena, center-right; Democratic Insti- tutionalist Coalition, Otto Arosemena, center-right; Broad Leftist Front (FADI), Rene Mauge, pro-Moscow Communist Voting strength: results of May 1984 presi- dential runoff election Leon Febres- Cordero of the Social Christian Party, who headed the coalition National Reconstruc- tion Front, 52%; Rodrigo Borja of the Democratic Left, 48% Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow, Rene Mauge secretary general), 6,000 members; Communist Party of Ecuador/Marxist Leninist (PCMLE, inde- pendent), 6,000 members; Revolutionary Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE, pro-Cuba), 100 members plus an estimated 5,000 sym- pathizers Member of: Andean Pact, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $1 1.3 billion (1983), $1,343 per capita; 61% private consumption, 15% public con- sumption, 26% gross investment, 2% foreign (1982); growth rate -3.3% (1983) Agriculture: main crops bananas, coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, corn, potatoes, rice Fishing: catch 636,532 metric tons (1982); ex- ports $210 million (1982), imports negligible Major industries: food processing, textiles, chemicals, fishing, petroleum Electric power: 1,716,000 kW capacity (1984); 3.4 billion kWh produced (1984), 390 kWh per capita Exports: $2,365 million (f.o.b., 1983); petro- leum exports $1 ,750 million; bananas, coffee, cocoa, fish products Imports: $1,408 million (c.i.f., 1983); agricul- tural and industrial machinery, industrial raw materials, building supplies, chemical products, transportation and communication equipment Major trade partners: exports (1982) 52% US, 25% Latin America and Caribbean, 1% Japan, 1% Italy, 1% FRG; imports (1982) 45% US, 15% Latin America and Caribbean, 12% Japan (1982) Aid: economic other Western countries (1970-82), $498 million; US (FY70-83), $250; Communist countries (1970-83), $46 million; military US (FY70-83) $57 million Budget: (1982) revenues, $1,424 million; ex- penditures, $2,155 million Monetary conversion rate: official, 67.18 sucres=US$l; floating, 1 19.50 sucres=US$l (January 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 1,930 km total; all 1.067- meter gauge single track Highways: 69,280 km total; 11,925 km paved, 24,400 km gravel, 32,955 km earth roads and tracks Inland waterways: 1,500 km Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; refined prod- ucts, 1,358 km Ports: 3 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bo- livar, Esmeraldas), 6 minor Civil air: 44 major transport aircraft Airfields: 167 total, 166 usable; 23 with per- manent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: domestic facilities generally adequate; 1 Atlantic Ocean satel- lite station; 290,200 telephones (3.3 per 100 pop!.); 260 AM, 38 FM, 23 TV stations Defense Forces Branches: Ecuadorean Army, Ecuadorean Air Force, Ecuadorean Navy Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,029,000; 1,379,000 fit for military service; 93,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: estimated for the fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $136.2 million; about 7.3% of the central government budget 65 Egypt Mediterranean Sea , Alexandria See regional map VI and VII Land 1,001,449 km 2 ; the size of Texas and Oregon combined; 96.5% desert, waste, or urban; 2.8% cultivated (of which about 70% is multi- ple crop); 0.7% inland water Land boundaries: approximately 2,580 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 2,450 km (1967) People Population: 48,305,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.6% Nationality: noun Egyptian(s); adjective Egyptian or Arab Republic of Egypt Ethnic divisions :90% Eastern Hamitic stock; 10% Greek, Italian, Syro- Lebanese Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and other Language: Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes Literacy: 40% Labor force: 13.4 million; 45-50% agricul- ture, 13% industry, 11% trade and finance, 26% services and other; shortage of skilled la- bor; unemployment about 7% Organized labor: 1 to 3 million Government Official name: Arab Republic of Egypt Type: republic Capital: Cairo Political subdivisions: 26 governorates Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; perma- nent constitution written in 1971; judicial review of limited nature in Supreme Court, also in Council of State, which oversees valid- ity of administrative decisions; legal education at Cairo University; accepts com- pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: National Day, 23 July Branches: executive power vested in Presi- dent, who appoints Cabinet; People's Assembly is principal legislative body, with Shura Council having consultative role; inde- pendent judiciary administered by Minister of Justice Government leaders: Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, President (since 1981); Kamal Hasan 'A LI, Prime Minister (since 1984) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: regular elections to People's As- sembly every five years (most recent May 1984); two-thirds of Shura Council is elected for six-year term (first elections were in Sep- tember 1980) with remaining members appointed by President; presidential election every six years; last held October 1981 Political parties and leaders: formation of political parties must be approved by govern- ment; National Democratic Party, led by Mubarak, is the dominant party; legal opposi- tion parties are Socialist Liberal Party, Kamal Murad; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim Shukri; National Progressive Unionist Grouping, Khalid Muhyi-al-Din; Umma Party, Ahmad al-Sabahi; and New Wafd Party, Fu'ad Siraj al-Din Communists: approximately 500 party members Other political or pressure groups: Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the gov- ernment; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned Member of: AAPSO, Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WPC, WSG, WTO; Egypt suspended from Arab League and OAPEC in April 1979 Economy GNP: $20.0 billion (1983; based on market exchange rate of 1.23 Egyptian pounds= US$1), $437 per capita; real growth of 6% in 1982 Agriculture: main cash crop cotton; other crops rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit, wheat, corn, barley; not self-sufficient in food Major industries: textiles, food processing, chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement Electric power: 6,836,000 kW capacity (1984); 35.931 billion kWh produced (1984), 763 kWh per capita Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984 est.J; crude petroleum, raw cotton, cotton yarn and fab- ric Imports: $9.4 billion (c.i.f., 1984 est); food- stuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, woods Major trade partners: US, EC countries 66 El Salvador Monetary conversion rate: official rate 0.70 Egyptian pound=US$l; official "incentive" rate 0.84 Egyptian pound=US$l; parallel or "own" exchange market rate 1.23 Egyptian pounds=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: July through June Communications Railroads: 4,857 km total; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified; 4,510 km 1,435- meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter gauge Highways: 47,025 km total; 12,300 km paved, 2,500 km gravel and crushed stone, 14,200 km improved earth, 18,025 km unim- proved earth Inland waterways: 3,360 km; Suez Canal, 195 km long, used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water; Alexan- dria-Cairo waterway navigable by barges of 550-metric ton capacity; Nile and large ca- nals by barges of 420-metric-ton capacity; Ismailia Canal by barges of 200- to 300- metric-ton capacity; secondary canals by sailing craft of 10- to 70-metric-ton capacity Freight carried: Suez Canal (1983) 257 mil- lion metric tons, of which 98 million metric tons were petroleums, oils, and lubricants Pipelines: crude oil, 930 km; refined prod- ucts, 596 km; natural gas, 460 km Ports: 4 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Safaja); 15 minor; 8 petroleum, oil, and lubri- cant terminals Civil air: 46 major transport aircraft Airfields: 95 total, 77 usable; 63 with perma- nent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 44 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system is large but still inadequate for needs; principal centers are Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, and Tanta; intercity connections by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in progress; est. 600,000 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 5 FM, 47 TV stations; 1 Atlan- tic Ocean satellite station; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 3 submarine coaxial cables; troposheric scatter to Sudan; radio-relay to Libya Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De- fense Command Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,035,000; 7,848,000 fit for military service; about 495,000 reach military age (20) annu- ally not necessarily authontativ 60km North Pacific Ocean See regional map III Land 21,041 km 2 ; the size of Massachusetts; 32% crop (9% corn, 7% coffee, 5% cotton, 11% other), 31% nonagricultural, 26% meadow and pasture, 1 1 % forest Land boundaries: 515 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 307 km People Population: 5,072,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun Salvadoran(s); adjec- tive Salvadoran Ethnic divisions: 89% mestizo, 10% Indian, 1% white Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic (probably 97-98%), with activity by Protes- tant groups throughout the country Language: Spanish, Nahua (among some In- dians) Literacy: 65% Labor force: 1.7 million (est. 1982); 25% agri- culture, 16% manufacturing, 16% commerce, 13% government, 9% financial 67 El Salvador (continued) services, 6% transportation, 15% other (1984 est); shortage of skilled labor and large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training programs improving situation; significant unemployment Organized labor: 8% total labor force; 10% agricultural labor force; 7% urban labor force (1982) Government Official name: Republic of El Salvador Type: republic Capital: San Salvador Political subdivisions: 14 departments Legal system: based on Spanish law, with traces of common law; new constitution en- acted in December 1983; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of El Salvador; ac- cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: Legislative Assembly (60 seats), Executive, Supreme Court Government leaders: Jose Napoleon DUARTE, President (since June 1984); Rodolfo CASTILLO Claramount Vice Presi- dent (since June 1984); Abraham RODRIGUEZ, First Presidential Designate (since September 1984); Rene FORTIN, Magana, Second Presidential Designate (since September 1984) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: Legislative Assembly (formerly Constituent Assembly), 28 March 1982; presidential election, 25 March 1984; presi- dential runoff election, 6 May 1984 (next scheduled for 1989); Legislative Assembly election scheduled for 31 March 1985 Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem- ocratic Party (PDC), Jose Napoleon Duarte; National Conciliation Party (PCN), Raul Mo- lina; Democratic Action (AD), Rene Fortin Magana; Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Francisco Quinonez; National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Maj. (Ret.) Roberto D'Aubuisson; Salvadoran Authentic Institu- tional Party (PAISA), Roberto Escobar Garcia Voting strength: Legislative Assembly PDC, 24 seats; ARENA, 19 seats; PAISA, 9 seats; PCN, 5 seats; AD, 2 seats; PPJ>, 1 seat Other political or pressure groups: leftist revolutionary movement Unified Revolu- tionary Directorate (DRU) and Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), leadership bodies of the insurgency; Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of the National Resistance (FARN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Salvadoran Communist Party/Armed Forces of Libera- tion (PCS/FAL), and Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/ Pop- ular Liberation Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARLP); militant front organizations Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (CRM; alliance of front groups), Popular Revolution- ary Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular Action Front (FAPU), Popular Leagues of 28 Febru- ary (LP-28), National Democratic Union (UDN), and Popular Liberation Movement (MLP); Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR), coalition of CRM and Democratic Front (FD), controlled by DRU; FD consists of moderate leftist groups Independent Movement of Professionals and Technicians of El Salvador (MIPTES), National Revolu- tionary Move ment (MNR), and Popular Social Christian Movement (MPSC); extreme rightist vigilante organizations or death squads Secret Anti-Communist Army (ESA); Maximiliano Hernandez Brigade; Organization for Liberation From Commu- nism (OLC) Labor organizations: Federation of Con- struction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salva- doran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; General Confederation of Trade Unions (CGS); United Confederation of Workers (CUT), leftist; Popular Democratic Unity (UPD), moderate labor coalition which includes FESINCONSTRANS, UCS, and other democratic labor organizations Business organizations: National Associa- tion of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive Alliance (AP), con- servative; National Federation of Salvadoran Small Businessmen (FENAPES), conserva- tive Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-Ameri- can Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $4.3 billion (1984 est.), $872 per capita Agriculture: main crops coffee, cotton, corn, sugar, beans, rice Fishing: catch 12,897 metric tons (1982) Major industries: food processing, textiles, clothing, petroleum products Electric power: 700,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.7 billion kWh produced (1984), 340 kWh per capita Exports: $737 million (f.o.b., 1983); coffee, cotton, sugar Imports: $892 million (c.i.f., 1983); machin- ery, intermediate goods, petroleum, construction materials, fertilizers, foodstuffs Major trade partners: exports 33% US, 15% FRG, 12% Guatemala; imports 39% US, 18% Guatemala, 9% Mexico Aid: economic authorized from US, includ- ing Ex-Im (FY70-83), $690 million; ODA and OOF committed by other Western countries (1970-82), $95 million; military from US (FY70-83), $215 million Budget: (1983) government revenues, $502 million; expenditures, $582 million 68 Equatorial Guinea Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 colones=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track Highways: 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4, 100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and un- improved earth Inland waterways: Lempa River partially navigable Ports: 2 major (Acajutla, La Union), 1 minor Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 156 total, 128 usable; 5 with per- manent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: nationwide trunk radio-relay system; connection into Central American microwave net; 100,000 tele- phones (2 per 100 popl.); 76 AM, 9 FM, 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean Satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police, Treasury Police Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,154,000; 733,000 fit for military service; 60,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $208 million; about 21.4% of the central government budget MALABO 80km Fernando Po Gulf of Guinea Island nol shown in true geographical position Annobon , See regioni! map VII Land 28,051 km 2 ; the size of Maryland; Rio Muni, about 25,900 km 2 , largely forest; Bioko (for- merly known as Fernando Po), about 2,072 km Land boundaries: 539 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 296 km People Population: 282,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 2.5% Rio Muni 212,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.5%; Fernando Po 71,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.5% Nationality: noun Equatorial Guinean(s); adjective Equatorial Guinean Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; of Rio Muni, primarily Fang; less than 1,000 Europeans, primarily Spanish Religion: natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan practices retained Language: Spanish (official); pidgin English, Fang Literacy: 55% Labor force: most Equatorial Guineans in- volved in subsistence agriculture; labor shortages on plantations Government Official name: Republic of Equatorial Guinea Type: republic Capital: Malabo Political subdivisions: 3 regions; 7 provinces with appointed governors Legal system: in transition; constitution ap- proved 15 August 1982 by popular referendum; in part based on Spanish civil law and custom National holiday: 12 October Branches: constitution provides for president with broad powers, prime minister, unicam- eral legislature (Chamber of Representatives of the People) and free judiciary Government leader: Col. Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, President (since Au- gust 1979) Suffrage: universal for adults Elections: parliamentary elections held Oc- tober 1983 Political parties and leaders: political parties suspended; before coup of 3 August 1979, National Unity Party of Workers (PUNT) was the sole legal party Communists: no significant number of Com- munists but some sympathizers Member of: AfDB, Conference of East and Central African States, EGA, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO Economy GNP: $75 million (1983); $417 per capita (Note: economy destroyed during regime of former President Masie Nguema) 69 Equatorial Guinea (continued) Ethiopia Agriculture: major cash crops Rio Muni, timber, coffee; Bioko, cocoa; main food prod- ucts rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, livestock Major industries: fishing, sawmilling Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1984); 17 million kWh produced (1984), 61 kWh per capita Exports: $16.9 million (1982 est); cocoa, cof- fee, wood Imports: $41.5 million (1982 est.); foodstuffs, chemicals and chemical products, textiles Major trade partner: Spain Budget: (1976) receipts, $2.8 million Monetary conversion rate: ekuele replaced by Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFA) in 1985; 479.875 CFA francs=US$l (December 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: Rio Muni 2,460 km, including approx. 185 km bituminous, remainder gravel and earth; Bioko 300 km, including 146 km bituminous, remainder gravel and earth Inland waterways: no significant waterways Ports: 1 major (Malalx>), 3 minor Civil air: 1 major transix>rt aircraft Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: poor system with ade- quate government services; international communications Irom Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 tele- phones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, no FM stations, 1 TV station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy Military manpower: males 15-49, 62,000; 31,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $6.2 million; 21% of central government budget Set regional map V II Land 1,221,900 km 2 ; four-fifths the size of Alaska; 55% meadow and natural pasture; 10% crop and orchard; 6% forest and wood; 29% waste- land, urban, or other Land boundaries: 5,198 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm; for sedentary fisheries, territorial sea extends to limit of fisheries Coastline: 1,094 km (includes offshore is- lands) People Population: 42,289,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.7% Nationality: noun Ethiopian(s); adjec- tive Ethiopian Ethnic divisions: 40% Oromo, 32% Amhara and Tigrean, 9% Sidamo, 6% ShankeHa, 6% Somali, 4% Afar, 2% Gurage, 1% other Religion: 40-45% Muslim, .35-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 15-20% animist, 5% other Language: Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Arabic, English (major foreign language taught in schools) Literacy: about 15% 70 Labor force: 90% agriculture and animal hus- bandry; 10% government, military, and quasi-government Organized labor: All Ethiopian Trade Union formed by the government in January 1977 to represent 273,000 registered trade union members Government Official name: Socialist Ethiopia Type: under military rule since September 1974; monarchy abolished in March 1975, but republic not yet declared Capital: Addis Ababa Political subdivisions: 14 provinces (also re- ferred to as regional administrations) Legal system: complex structure with civil, Islamic, common, and customary law influ- ences; constitution suspended September 1974; military leaders have promised a new constitution but established no time frame for its adoption; legal education at Addis Ababa University; has not accepted compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Popular Revolution Com- memoration Day, 12 September Branches: executive power exercised by the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), dominated by its chairman and small circle of associates; predominantly ci- vilian Cabinet holds office at sufferance of military; legislature dissolved September 1974; judiciary at higher levels based on Western pattern, at lower levels on tradi- tional pattern, without jury system in either Government leader: Lt. Col. MENGISTU Haile-Mariam, Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council (since Feb- ruary 1977) Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: none (January 1985) Political parties and leaders: Ethiopian Workers Party (WPE) founded in September 1984; headed by Mengistu Haile-Mariam Communists: government is officially Marx- ist-Leninist Other political or pressure groups: impor- tant dissident groups include Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), and Eritrean Lib- eration Front/Popular Liberation Forces in Eritrea; Tigrean People's Liberation Front (TPLF) in Tigray Province; Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) in the Ogaden re- gion Member of: AfDB, EGA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $5.0 billion (1983/84 est), $119 per capita; real growth rate 3.7% (1983/84) Agriculture: main crop coffee; also grain Major industries: cement, sugar refining, cotton textiles, food processing, oil refinery Electric power: 412,000 kW capacity (1984); 902 million kWh produced (1984), 26 kWh per capita Exports: $403 million (f.o.b., 1983/84 est); 61% coffee, 10% hides and skins Imports: $906 million (c.i.f., 1983/84) Major trade partners: exports US, FRG, Djibouti, Japan, Saudi Arabia, France, Italy; imports USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan, UK, US Budget: revenues and cash grants, $1.1 bil- lion; current expenditures, $1.0 billion; development expenditures, $467 million (1983/84) External debt: $1.0 billion, 1981/82; debt service payment, $1.3 billion outstanding (1983/84); 11.0% of exports of goods and nonfactor services (1982/83) Monetary conversion rate: 2.07 Ethiopian birr=US$l (31 October 1983) Fiscal year: 8 July-7 July Communications Railroads: 1,089 km total; 782 km 1.000- meter gauge, of which 97 km are in Djibouti; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge Highways: 44,300 km total; 3,888 km bitumi- nous, 8,344 km gravel, 2,456 km improved earth, 29,612 km unimproved earth Ports: 2 major (Aseb, Massawa) Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft Airfields: 170 total, 136 usable; 7 with per- manent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De- fense; paramilitary Emergency Strike Force Police Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,580,000; 5,146,000 fit for military service; 489,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 7 July 1984, $420.1 million; 25.1% of central gov- ernment budget 71 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) South Atlantic Ocean West Falkland East Falkland (administered by U K claimed by Argentina) Sec regional map IV NOTE: The possession of the Falkland Is- lands has been disputed by the UK and Argentina (which refers to them as the Islas Malvinas) since 1833. Land Colony 16,654 km 2 ; about the size of Connecticut; area consists of some 200 small islands and two principal islands, East Falk- land (6,680 km 2 ) and West Falkland (5,276 km 2 ); dependencies South Sandwich Is- lands, South Georgia, and the Shag and Clerke Rocks Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 1,288km People Population: 2,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 0% Nationality: noun Falkland Islander(s); ad- jective Falkland Island Ethnic divisions: almost totally British Religion: predominantly Anglican Language: English Literacy: compulsory education up to age 14 Labor force: l,100(est); est. over 95% in agri- culture, mostly sheepherding Government Official name: Colony of the Falkland Is- lands Type: British dependent territory Capital: Stanley Political subdivisions: local government is confined to capital Legal system: English common law Branches: Civil Commissioner (replaced gov- ernors in post Falklands war period); shares power with local garrison commander Government leaders: Rex M. HUNT, Civil Commissioner (since June 1982); Maj. Peter DE LA BILLIERE, Military Commissioner and Commander in Chief Land Forces (since June 1984) Suffrage: universal adult at age 18 Economy Agriculture: predominantly sheep farming Major industry: wool processing Electric power: 1,250 kW capacity (1984); 2 million kWh produced (1984), l.lOOkWhper capita Exports: to UK, $5.2 million (1982); wool, hides and skins, and other Imports: from UK, $8.2 million (1982); food, clothing, fuels, and machinery Major trade partners: nearly all exports to the UK, also some to the Netherlands and to Japan; imports from Curacao, Japan, and the UK Aid: economic commitments (1970-79) Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF, $24 million Budget: revenues, $5 million (1982); expendi- tures, $4.8 million (1982) Monetary conversion rate: .833 Falkland Is- land pound=.833 pounds sterling=US$l (December 1984) Communications Railroads: none Highways: 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth Ports: 1 major (Port Stanley), 4 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable, 1 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 1,200-2,439 m; 1 new airfield with permanent surface runway under construction Telecommunications: government-oper- ated radiotelephone networks providing effective service to almost all points on both islands; approximately 590 telephones (est. 30 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station; satellite sta- tion under construction Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of the United Kingdom 72 Faroe Islands North Atlantic Ocean See regional map V Land 1,340 km 2 ; slightly larger than Rhode Island; less than 5% arable, of which only a fraction cultivated; archipelago consisting of 18 in- habited islands and a few uninhabited islets Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm; fishing 200 nm Coastline: 764 km People Population: 46,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 1.0% Nationality: noun Faroese (sing., pi.); ad- jective Faroese Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white popu- lation Religion: Evangelical Lutheran Language: Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish Literacy: 99% Labor force: 17,585; largely engaged in fish- ing, manufacturing, transportation, and commerce Government Official name: Faroe Islands Type: self-governing province within the Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives in Danish parliament Capital: Torshavn on the island of Streymoy Political subdivisions: 7 districts, 49 com- munes, 1 town Legal system: based on Danish law; Home Rule Act enacted 1948 Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown, acting through appointed High Commissioner, and 32-member provincial parliament (Lagting) in matters of strictly Faroese concern; executive power vested in Crown, acting through High Commissioner, but exercised by provincial cabinet responsi- ble to provincial parliament Government leaders: MARGRETHE II, Queen (since January 1972); Atli DAM, Lagmand, Prime Minister (since December 1984); Niels BENTSEN, Danish Governor (since 1981) Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21 Elections: held every four years; most recent, 8 November 1984 Political parties and leaders: four-party rul- ing coalition Social Democratic, Atli Dam; Republican, Erlendur Patursson; Home Rule, Tobjwrn Poulsen; Peoples, Jogvan Sundstein Voting strength: (January 1985) four-party coalition 17 of 32 seats Communists: insignificant number Member of: Nordic Council Economy GDP: $369.3 million (1980), about $8,799 per capita Agriculture: sheep and cattle grazing Fishing: catch 248,705 metric tons (1982); ex- ports, $162.3 million (1980) Major industry: fishing Electric power: 66,600 kW capacity (1984); 205 million kWh produced (1984), 4,556 kWh per capita Exports: $178.7 million (f.o.b., 1980); mostly fish and fish products Imports: $222.1 million (c.i.f., 1980); ma- chinery and transport equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, food products Major trade partners: exports 21.3% Den- mark, 13.4% UK, 12.4% FRG, 11.7% US (1980) Budget: (FY81) expenditures, $98.8 million, revenues, $98.8 million Monetary conversion rate: 10.80 Danish kroner=US$l (November 1984 average) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 200 km Ports: 2 major, 8 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good international communications; fair domestic facilities; 20,400 telephones (46.3 per lOOpopl.); 1 AM, 3 FM stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of Denmark Military manpower: males 15-49 included with Denmark 73 Fiji Rotuma South Pacific Ocean Vanua Levu Viti Levi Kandavu 225km Ceva /-fla Srf regional map X Land 1 8,376 km 2 ; the size of Massachusetts; consists of more than 300 islands and many more coral atolls and cays; the larger islands Viti Levu, Taveuni, and Kandavu are moun- tainous and volcanic in origin, with peaks rising over 1,210 meters; land ownership 83.6% Fijians, 7.2% European, 6.4% govern- ment, 1.7% Indians, 1.1% other; about 30% of land area is suitable for farming Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 1,129 km People Population: 700,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 2. 1 % Nationality: noun Fijian(s); adjective Fijian Ethnic divisions: 50% Indian, 45% Fijian; 5% European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, and others Religion: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indi- ans are Hindu with a Muslim minority Language: English (official), Fijian, Hindu- stani spoken among Indians Literacy: 80% Labor force. 176,000(1979); 43.8% agricul- ture, 15.6% industry Organized labor: about 50% of labor force organized into about 60 unions; unions orga- nized along lines of work and ethnic origin Government Official name: Fiji Type: independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth; Elizabeth II recog- nized as chief of state Capital: Suva, located on the south coast of the island of Viti Levu Political subdivisions: 14 provinces Legal system: based on British system National holiday: Fiji Day, 10 October Branches: executive Prime Minister and Cabinet; legislative 52-member House of Representatives; 22-member appointed Sen- ate; judicial Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Magistrate's Courts Government leader: Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA, Prime Minister (since 1966 [as Chief Minister during preindependence days]) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: every five years unless House dis- solves earlier; last held July 1982 Political parties: Alliance, primarily Fijian, headed by Ratu Mara; National Federation, primarily Indian, headed by Siddiq Koya; Western United Front, Fijian, Ratu Osea Gauidi Voting strength: (July 1982) House of Repre- sentatives (Alliance Party 28 seats; National Federation Party/Western United Front co- alition 24 seats Communists: few, no figures available (Janu- ary 1985) Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common- wealth, EC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GDP: $1.85 billion (1982), $1,852 per capita; annual growth rate, 0.5% (1979-82) Agriculture: main crops sugar, copra, ginger, rice; major deficiency, grains Major industries: sugar refining, tourism, gold, lumber, small industries Electric power: 210,000 kW capacity (1984); 223 million kWh produced (1984), 325 kWh per capita Exports: $280 million (f.o.b., 1981); 70% sugar; also copra Imports: $562 million (c.i.f., 1981); 24% man- ufactured goods, 20.0% machinery, 16.3% foodstuffs, 16% fuels Major trade partners: Australia, New Zea- land, Japan, UK, Singapore, US Aid: economic commitments Western (non-US) countries (1980-82), $438 million Budget: (1981 est.) revenues, $259 million; expenditures, $239 million Monetary conversion rate: .9612 Fiji dollar=US$l (30 November 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 644 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge; owned by Fiji Sugar Corp., Ltd. Highways: 2,960 km total (1981); 390 km paved, 2,150 km gravel, crushed stone, or sta- bilized soil surface; 420 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km naviga- ble by motorized craft and 200- metric-ton barges 74 Finland Ports: I major, 6 minor Civil air: 1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft Airfields: 28 total, 27 usable; 3 with perma- nent-surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio in- tegrated) public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facili- ties; regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US/Canada and New Zealand/Australia; 37,515 tele- phones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 2 FM , no TV stations; 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces Branches: integrated ground and naval forces Military manpower: males 15-49, 183,000; 101,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: military budget for 1982, $17.0 million; 5% of central government budget Gulf of Bothnia Aland Islands See regional map V FLSINKI Land 337,113 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Montana; 58% forest, 34% other, 8% arable Land boundaries: 2,534 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm; fishing 12 nm; Aland Islands, 3 nm Coastline: 1,126 km (approx.) excludes is- lands and coastal indentations People Population: 4,894,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.4% Nationality: noun Finn(s); adjective Finnish Ethnic divisions: Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.2% Greek Orthodox, 1.8% other Language: 93.5% Finnish, 6.3% Swedish (both official); small Lapp- and Russian- speaking minorities Literacy: almost 100% Labor force: 2.546 million; 23.8% mining and manufacturing; 25.4% services; 18.5% com- merce; 11.9% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 7.2% construction; 7.0% transporta- tion and communications; 6.1% unemployed (1983 average) Organized labor: 80% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Finland Type: republic Capital: Helsinki Political subdivisions: 12 provinces, 443 communes, 78 towns Legal system: civil law system based on Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919; Su- preme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; legal educa- tion at Universities of Helsinki and Turku; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 6 De- cember Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with President and unicameral legislature (Eduskunta); executive power vested in Presi- dent and exercised through coalition Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme court, four superior courts, 193 lower courts Government leaders: Dr. Mauno KOIVISTO, President (since January 1982); Kalevi SORSA, Prime Minister (since Febru- ary 1982) Suffrage: universal, 18 years and over; not compulsory Elections: parliamentary, every four years (last in 1983); presidential, every six years Political parties and leaders: Social Demo- cratic Party, Kalevi Sorsa; Center Party, Paavo Va'yrynen; People's Democratic League (Communist front), Kalevi Kivisto; Conservative Party, Illka Suominen; Liberal Party, Kyosti Lallukka; Swedish Peoples Party, Par Stenback; Rural Party, Pekka Vennamo; Finnish Communist Party, Arvo 75 Finland (continued) Aalto; Finnish Christian League, Esko Almgren; Constitutional People's Party, Georg Ehrnrooth; League for Citizen Power, Kaarlo Pitsinki Voting strength: (1983 parliamentary elec- tion) 26% Social Democratic, 22.1% Conservative, 17.6% Center-Liberal, 14.0% People's Democratic League, 9.7% Rural, 4.9% Swedish Peoples, 3.0% Christian League, 1.5% Greens, 0.4% Constitutional People's, 0. 1 % League for Citizen Power Communists: 28,000 registered members; an additional 45,000 persons belong to People's Democratic League Member of: ADB, CEMA (special coopera- tion agreement), DAC, EC (free trade agreement), EFTA (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GNP: $49.4 billion (1983), $10,186 per cap- ita; 54.2% consumption, 21.2% investment, 22.8% government; 0.4% net exports of goods and services; 1982 growth rate 2.9% (1980 prices) Agriculture: animal husbandry, especially dairying, predominates; forestry important secondary occupation for rural population; main crops cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient; shortages food and fod- der grains Fishing: catch 145,600 metric tons (1982) Major industries: include metal manufac- turing and shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), copper refining, foodstuffs, textiles and clothing Shortages: fossil fuels; industrial raw materi- als, except wood, and iron ore Crudesteel: 2.4 million metric tons produced (1983), 496 kg per capita Electric power: 11,859,000 kW capacity (1984); 43.390 billion kWh produced (1984), 8,905 kWh per capita Exports: $12.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, iron and steel, clothing and footwear Imports: $12.8 billion (c.i.f., 1983); food- stuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics Major trade partners: (1983) exports 35.4% EC (9.5% FRG; 10.2% UK), 26.1% USSR, 12.4% Sweden, 4.1% US Aid: donor bilateral economic aid commit- ments (ODA), $652 million (1970-82) Budget: (1983) expenditures, $13.5 billion, revenues, $11.9 billion Monetary conversion rate: 6.6140Finnmark (Fim)=US$l (2 January 1985) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 6,071 km total; Finnish State Rail- ways (VR) operate a total of 6,043 km 1.524- meter gauge, 477 km multiple track, and 608 km electrified; 22 km 0.750-meter gauge and 6 km 1.524-meter gauge are privately owned Highways: about 74,960 km total in national classified network, including 31,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, bituminous- treated surface) and 42,552 km unpaved (stabilized gravel, gravel, earth); additional 29,440 km of private (state subsidized) roads Inland waterways: 6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steam- Pipelines: natural gas, 161 km Ports: 1 1 major, 34 minor Civil air: 39 major transport Airfields: 163 total, 160 usable; 47 with per- manent-surface runways; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: good telecom service from cable and radio-relay network; 2.7 mil- lion telephones (53 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 90 FM, 200 TV stations; 3 submarine cables Pefense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,319,000; 1,014,000 fit for military service; 35,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $810 million; about 5.1% of proposed central government budget 76 France English Channel Sterrgionil map V Land 547,026 km 2 ; four-fifths the size of Texas; 34% cultivated; 24% meadow and pasture; 27% forest; 15% waste, urban, or other Land boundaries: 2,888 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644 km) People Population: 55,094,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.4% Nationality: noun Frenchman (men); ad- jective French Ethnic divisions: Celtic and Latin with Teu- tonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, and Basque minorities Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 2% Protes- tant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North African workers), 6% unaffiliated Language: French (100% of population); rap- idly declining regional patois Provencal, Breton, Germanic, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish Literacy: 99% Labor force: 23.4 million (1983); 54.5% ser- vices, 29.5% industry, 8.5% agriculture; 8.5% unemployed Organized labor: approximately 20% of la- bor force Government Official name: French Republic Type: republic, with President having wide powers Capital: Paris Political subdivisions: 22 regions with 96 metropolitan departments Legal system: civil law system with indige- nous concepts; new constitution adopted 1958, amended concerning election of Presi- dent in 1962; judicial review of administra- tive but not legislative acts; legal education at over 25 schools of law National holiday: National Day, 14 July Branches: presidentially appointed Prime Minister heads Council of Ministers, which is formally responsible to National Assembly; bicameral legislature National Assembly (491 members), Senate (304 members) restricted to a delaying action; judiciary inde- pendent in principle Government leader: Francois MITTERRAND, President (since May 1981) Suffrage: universal over age 18; not compul- sory Elections: National Assembly every five years, last election June 1981, direct universal suffrage, two ballots; Senate indirect colle- giate system for nine years, renewable by one-third every three years, last election Sep- tember 1983; President, direct, universal suffrage every seven years, two ballots, last election May 1981 Political parties and leaders: majority coali- tion Socialist Party (PS), Lionel Jospin; Communist Party (PCF), Georges Marchais; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Francois public (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques Chirac; Union for French Democracy (fed- eration of PR, CDS, and RAD), Jean Lecanuet; Republicans (PR), Francois Leo- tard; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Pierre Mehaignerie; Radical (RAD), Andre Rossinot Voting strength: (first ballot, 1981 election) diverse left, Socialist 36.12%; RPR, 20.8%; UDF, 19.2%; Communist, 16.17%; Left Rad- ical, 1.39%; diverse right, 2.8%; diverse left, 2.05%; other 1.47% Communists: 600,000 claimed; Communist voters, 4 million in 1981 elections Other political or pressure groups: Commu- nist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generate du Travail) nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail CFDT) about 800,000 members est; independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) about 1,000,000 members est.; independent white collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000 members (claimed); National Coun- cil of French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Francais CNPF or Patronat) Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Whaling Commission, NATO (signatory), OAS (observer), OECD, South Pacific Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GDP: $518 billion (1983), $9,478 per capita; 66% private consumption, 16.4% govern- ment consumption, 16% investment (including government); 1981 real growth rate, .7%; average annual growth rate (1973- 83), 2.3% Agriculture: Western Europe's foremost pro- ducer; main products beef, dairy products, 77 France (continued) French Guiana cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most temperate zone food- stuffs; food shortages fats and oils, tropical produce Fishing: catch 7 1 3,530 metric tons ( 1 982); ex- ports (includes shellfish, etc.) $316 million, imports $1,045 million (1983) Major industries: steel, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, automobiles, food processing, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics Shortages: crude oil, natural gas, textile fi- bers, most nonferrous ores, coking coal, fats and oils Crude steel: 17.6 million metric tons pro- duced (1983), 322 kg per capita Electric power: 88,446,000 kW capacity (1984); 320.035 billion kWh produced (1984), 5,832 kWh per capita Exports: $89.9 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal items machinery and transportation equip- ment, foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing, chemicals Imports: $97.9 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal items crude petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel prod- ucts, foodstuffs, agricultural products Major trade partners: (1983) imports 49% EC, 13% petroleum exporting countries, 7.7% US, 2.7% USSR, 2.6% Japan, 1.6% other Communist countries; exports 50% EC, 25.3% petroleum exporting countries, 6.0% US, 2.4% USSR, 1.7% other Communist countries, 1% Japan Aid: donor bilateral economic aid commit- ments (ODA and OOF), $29.7 billion (1970- 82) Budget: (proposed for 1985) expenditures, 995 billion francs; revenues, 857 billion francs; deficit, 138 billion francs Monetary conversion rate: 8.40 French francs=US$l (4 January 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: French National Rail ways (SNCF) operates 34,599 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 10,660 km electrified, 15, 132 km dou- ble or multiple track; 2,138 km of various gauges (1.000-meter to 1.440-meter), pri- vately owned and operated Highways: 1,533,940 km total; 33,400 km na- tional highway; 347,000 km departmental highway; 421,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 5,209 km of con- trolled-access divided "autoroutes"; approx. 803,000 km paved Inland waterways: 14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled Pipelines: crude oil, 3,458 km; refined prod- ucts, 4,344 km; natural gas, 24,746 km Ports: 8 major, 16 secondary Civil air: 355 major transport aircraft (1982) Airfields: 465 total, 451 usable; 244 with per- manent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 34 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 128 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: highly developed sys- tem provides satisfactory telephone, telegraph, and radio and TV broadcast ser- vices; 29.37 million telephones (54.2 per 100 popl.); 58 AM, 323 FM, 396 TV stations; 21 submarine coaxial cables; 2 communication satellite ground stations with total of 7 anten- Defense Forces Branches: Army of the Ground, Navy, Army of the Air, National Gendarmerie Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,997,000; fit for military service 11,864,000; 430,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $20 billion; about 18.1% of proposed central government bud- get North Atlantic Ocean Sctrtflonil map IV Land 90,909 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Maine; 90% forest; 10% waste, built on, inland water, and other, of which .05% is cultivated and pasture Land boundaries: 1,183 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 378 km People Population: 82,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 2.9% Nationality: noun French Guianese (sing., pi.); adjective French Guiana Ethnic divisions: 66% black or mulatto; 12% Caucasian; 12% East Indian, Chinese, Amer- indian; 10% other Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic Language: French Literacy: 73% Labor force: 23,265 (1980); services, govern- ment, and commerce 60.6%; industry 21.2%; agriculture 18.2%; information on unem- ployment unavailable Organized labor: 7% of labor force 78 Government Official name: Department of French Gui- Type: overseas department and region of France; represented by one deputy in French National Assembly and one senator in French Senate Capital: Cayenne Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements, 19 communes each with a locally elected munic- ipal council Legal system: French legal system; highest court is Court of Appeals based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guade- loupe, and French Guiana Branches: executive: Prefect appointed by Paris; legislative popularly elected 16- member General Council and a Regional Council composed of members of the local General Council and of the locally elected deputy and senator to the French parlia- ment; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial system Government leader: Bernard COURTOIS, Prefect of the Republic (since 1984) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: General Council elections nor- mally are held every five years; last election February 1983 Political parties and leaders: Guianese So- cialist Party (PSG), Raymond Tarcy (senator), Leopold Helder; Union of the Guianese Peo- ple (UPG), weak leftist party allied with, but also reported to have been absorbed by, the PSG; Rally for the Republic (RPR), Hector Rivierez Communists: Communist party member- ship negligible Member of: WFTU Economy GNP: $120 million (1976), $1,935 per capita Agriculture: limited vegetables for local con- sumption; rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas, sugar Fishing: catch 1,450 metric tons (1982 est.) Major industries: construction, shrimp pro- cessing, forestry products, rum, gold mining Electric power: 31,000 kW capacity (1984); 138 million kWh produced (1984), 1,725 kWh per capita Exports: $35.4 million (1981); shrimp, tim- ber, rum, rosewood essence Imports: $245.9 million (1981); food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, pro- ducer goods, and petroleum Major trade partners: exports 54% US, 17% Japan, 15% France, 5% Martinique; im- ports 53% France, 15% Trinidad and Tobago, 10% US (1981) Aid: economic bilateral commitments, ODA and OOF (FY70-79), from Western (non-US) countries, $700 million, no military aid Budget: $101 million (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 9.65 French francs=US$l (January 1985) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 680 km total; 510 km paved, 170 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal steamers; 3,300 km possibly navigable by na- tive craft Ports: 1 major (Cayenne), 7 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 1 total, 1 1 usable; 5 with perma- nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 in Telecommunications: fair open- wire and ra- dio-relay system with about 18,100 telephones(25.9 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of France Military manpower: males 15-49, 20,000; 14,000 fit for military service 79 French Polynesia South Pacific Ocean lies Marquises % "'^i .PAPEETE 4'v -, * j> Tahiti ... **%. Set regional map X Land About 4,000 km 2 ; larger than Rhode Island Water Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: about 2,525 km People Population: 166,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 2.3% Nationality: noun French Polynesian(s); adjective French Polynesian Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12% Chi- nese, 6% local French, 4% metropolitan French Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protestant, 32% Catholic Government Official name: Territory of French Polyne- sia Type: overseas territory of France Capital: Papeete Political subdivisions: five districts Legal system: based on French; lower and higher courts Branches: 30-member Territorial Assembly, popularly elected; 5-member Council of Government, elected by Assembly; popular election of two deputies to National Assem- bly and one senator to Senate in Paris Government leader: Alain OHREL, High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government (since 1983), appointed by French Government; Gaston FLOSSE, Vice President of the Council of Government (since May 1982; highest elected official in the territory) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: every five years, last in May 1982 Political parties and leaders: Tahoeraa Huiraatira (Gaullist), Gaston Flosse; Ai'a Api (New Country Party), Emile Vernaudon; Here Ai'a; la Mana (Socialist) Voting strength: (1982 election) Tahoeraa Huiraatira, 13 seats; Ai'a Api, 3 seats; Here Ai'a, 6 seats; la Mana, 3 seats; Independents, 4 seats; Te E'a Api, 1 seat Economy GDP: A$931.3 million (1980), US$6,400 per capita (1980) Agriculture: main crop coconuts Major industries: maintenance of French nuclear test base, tourism Electric power: 71,000 kW capacity (1984); 263 million kWh produced (1984), 1,610 kWh per capita Exports: $21 million (1977); principal prod- ucts coconut products (79%), mother-of- pearl (14%), vanilla (1971) Imports: $419 million (1977); principal items fuels, foodstuffs, equipment Major trade partners: imports 59% France, 14% US; exports 86% France Aid: France $91 million (1978) Budget: $180million in 1979; ODA and OOF commitments from Western (non-US coun- tries) Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 Colonial Francs Pacifique (CFP)=$US1 (February 1984) Communications High'ways. 3,700 km, all types Ports: 1 major, 6 minor Airfields: 38 total, 38 usable; 14 with perma- nent-surface runways, 2 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Civil air: about 6 major transport aircraft Telecommunications: 17,302 telephones (12.9 per 100 popl.); 72,000 radio and 14,000 TV sets; 5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV stations; 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of France 80 Gabon See ref ton*! map VII Land 267,667 km 2 ; the size of Colorado; 75% forest, 15% savanna, 9% urban and waste, less than 1% cultivated Land boundaries: 2,422 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 100 HIM: fishing, 150 nm Coastline: 885 km People Population: 988,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun Gabonese(sing., pi.); ad- ject i ve Gabonese Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes, in- cluding 4 major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke); about 100,000ex- patriate Africans and Europeans, including 35,000 French Religion: 55-75% Christian, less than 1% Muslim, remainder animist Language: French (official); Fang, Myene, Bateke Literacy: 65% Labor force: 120,000 salaried (1983); 65% ag- riculture, 30% industry and commerce, 2.5% services, 2.5% government Organized labor: there are 38,000 members of the national trade union, the Gabonese Trade Union Confederation (COSYGA) Government Official name: Gabonese Republic Type: republic; one-party presidential re- gime since 1964 Capital: Libreville Political subdivisions: nine provinces subdi- vided into 36 prefectures Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem and customary law; constitution adopted 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal education at Center of Higher and Legal Studies at Libreville; compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted National holidays: Renovation Day, 12 March; Independence Day, 17 August; major Islamic and Christian holidays Branches: power centralized in President, elected by universal suffrage for seven-year term; unicameral legislature (93-member National Assembly, including nine members chosen by Omar Bongo) has limited powers; constitution amended in 1979 so that Assem- bly deputies will serve five-year terms; independent judiciary Government leader: El Hadj Omar BONGO, President (since December 1967) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: presidential election last held De- cember 1979, next scheduled for 1986; parliamentary election last held February 1980, next scheduled for 1985; constitutional change separates dates for presidential and parliamentary elections Political parties and leaders: Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) led by President Bongo is only legal party Communist*: no organized party; probably some Communist sympathizers Member of: Af DB, African Wood Organiza- tion, Conference of East and Central African States, BDECA (Central African Develop- ment Bank), EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCO, ICO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $3.4 billion (1983), $3,692 per capita; 0.7% annual growth rate (1981) Agriculture: commercial cocoa, coffee, wood, palm oil, rice; main food crops pine- apples, bananas, manioc, peanuts, root crops; imports food Fishing: catch 52,638 metric tons (1982) Major industries: petroleum production, sawmills, petroleum refinery, food and bev- erage processing; mining of increasing importance; major minerals manganese, uranium, iron (not produced) Electric power: 280,000 kW capacity (1984); 735 million kWh produced (1984), 767 kWh per capita Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); crude pe- troleum, wood and wood products, minerals (manganese, uranium concentrates, gold) Imports: $0.7 billion (f.o.b., 1982); mining, roadbuilding machinery, electrical equip- ment, transport vehicles, foodstuffs, textiles Major trade partners: France, US, FRG, Cu- racao Budget: (1982) revenues, $1.4 billion; current expenditures, $0.5 billion; capital expendi- tures, $0.6 billion Monetary conversion rate: 479.875 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (December 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year 81 Gabon (continued) The Gambia Communications Railroads: 970 km 1.437-meter standard gauge under construction; 180 km are com- pleted Highways: 7,393 km total; 300 km paved, 3,493 km gravel and improved and 3,600 km unimproved Inland waterways: approximately 1,600 km perennially navigable Pipelines: crude oil, 270 km Ports: 2 major (Owendo and Port-Gentil), 3 minor Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft Airfields: 78 total, 76 usable; 8 with perma- nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate system of open-wire, radio-relay, tropospheric scatter links and radiocommunication stations; 2 At- lantic Ocean satellite stations; 6 AM, 6 FM, 8 TV stations; 11,600 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.) Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili- tary Gendarmerie Military manpower: males 15-49, 234,000; 121,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $73.4 million; 4.9% of cen- tral government budget 70km Sec regional m*p VII Land 11,295 km z ; twice the size of Delaware; 55% upland cultivable, built on, and other; 25% uncultivated savanna; 16% swamp; 4% forest park Land boundaries: 740 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 80 km People Population: 751,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 3.5% Nationality: noun Gambian(s); adjective Gambian Ethnic divisions: 90% African (37.7% Mandinka 16.2% Fula, 14% Wolof, 8.5% Jola, 7.8% Serahuli, 5.3% other); 10.5% non-Gam- bian Religion: 85% Muslim, 14% Christian, 1% in- digenous beliefs Language: English (official); Mandinka, Wo- lof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars Literacy: about 15% Labor force: 378,850(1980 est); 75% agricul- ture; 18.9% industry, commerce, and services; 6.1% government Organized labor: 25-30% of wage labor force at most Government Official name: Republic of The Gambia Type: republic; independent since February 1965 (The Gambia and Senegal in early 1982 formed a loose confederation named Sene- gambia, which calls for the integration of their armed forces, economies and monetary systems, and foreign policies) Capital: Banjul Political subdivisions: Banjul and five divi- sions Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution came into force upon independence in 1965, new re- publican constitution adopted in April 1970; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 18 February Branches: Cabinet of 13 members; unicam- eral legislative (43-member House of Representatives), in which four seats are re- served for tribal chiefs, four seats are government appointed, 35 are filled by elec- tion for five-year terms, a Speaker is elected by the House, and the Attorney General is an appointed member; independent judiciary Government leader: Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA, President (since February 1965) Political parties and leaders: People's Pro- gressive Party (PPP), secretary general, Dawda K. Jawara; National Convention Party (NCP), Sheriff Dibba Suffrage: universal adult over 21 Elections: general election held May 1982; PPP 37 seats, NCP 3 seats, independents 2 seats Communists: no Communist party 82 German Democratic Republic Member of: Af BD, APC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Inter-American Develop- ment Bank, IFAD, IMF, IMO, IRC, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP. $138 million (1984), about $190 per capita; real growth rate 13.4% (FY83) Agriculture: main crops groundnuts, mil- let, sorghum, rice, maize, palm kernels, cotton Fishing: catch 9,704 metric tons (1982) Major industries: peanut processing, brew- ing, soft drinks, agricultural machinery assembly, small woodworking and metal- working, clothing Electric power: 30,000 kW capacity (1984); 64 million kWh produced (1984), 88 kWh per capita Exports: $66 million (f.o.b., FY84 est.) pea- nuts and peanut products, fish, palm kernels Imports: $87 million (f.o.b., FY84 est.); tex- tiles, foodstuffs, tobacco, machinery, petroleum products, chemicals Major trade partners: exports mainly EC, Africa; imports EC, Africa Aid: economic commitments Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970- 82), $200 million; US (FY70-83), $42 million Budget: (1982-83 est.) revenues $44.2 mil- lion, current expenditures $34.90 million, development expenditures $19.7 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 dalasi=US$4.28 (December 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: none Highways: 3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km unim- proved earth Inland waterways: 400 km Ports: 1 major (Banjul) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones (0.5 per 100 poph); 2 FM, 3 AM , no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, paramilitary Gendarmerie Military manpower: males 15-49, 167,000; 85,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $2.4 million; 6.2% of central gov- ernment budget; includes fire and police expenditures Baltic Set The final borders of Germany have not been established Seerefionil map V Land 108,178 km 2 ; the size of Virginia; 43% arable, 27% forest, 15% meadow and pasture, 15% other Land boundaries: 2,309 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (200 nm fishing zone) Coastline: 901 km (including islands) People Population: 16,701,000, including East Ber- lin (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.0% Nationality: noun German(s); adjective German Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, 0.3% Slavic and other Religion: 47% Protestant, 7% Roman Catho- lic, 46% unaffiliated or other; less than 5% of Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catho- lics active participants Language: German, small Sorb (West Slavic) minority Literacy: 99% 83 German Democratic Republic (continued) Labor force: 8.87 million; 37.9% industry, 20.7% services, 10.7% commerce, 10. 1% agri- culture, 7.4% transport and communications, 6.9% construction, 3.1% handicrafts, 3.2% other (1983) Organized labor: 87.7% of total labor force Government Official name: German Democratic Repub- lic Type: Communist state Capital: East Berlin (not officially recog- nized by US, UK, and France, which together with the USSR have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin) Political subdivisions: (excluding East Ber- lin) 14 districts (Bezirke), 218 counties (Kreise), 7,600 communities (Gemeinden) Legal system: civil law system modified by Communist legal theory; new constitution adopted 1974; court system parallels admin- istrative divisions; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Universi- ties of Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, and Jena; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; more stringent penal code adopted 1968, amended in 1974 and 1979 National holiday: Foundation of German Democratic Republic, 7 October Branches: unicameral legislature (People's Chamber Volkskammer, elected directly); executive (Council of State, Council of Minis- ters); judiciary (Supreme Court); entire structure dominated by Socialist Unity (Communist) Party Government leaders: Erich HONECKER, Chairman, Council of State (Head of State; since October 1976); Willi STOPH, Chair- man, Council of Ministers (Premier; since October 1976) Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over Elections: national every five years; pre- pared by an electoral commission of the National Front; ballot supposed to be secret and voters permitted to strike names off bal- lot; more candidates than offices available; parliamentary election held 14 June 1981, and local elections held 6 May 1984 Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity (Communist) Party of Germany (SED), headed by General Secretary Erich Honecker, dominates the regime; four token parties (Christian Democratic Union, Na- ' tional Democratic Party, Liberal Democratic Party, and Democratic Peasants' Party) and an amalgam of special interest organizations participate with the SED in National Front Voting strength: 1984 parliamentary elec- tions and 1979 local elections; over 99% voted the regime slate Communists.- 2. 1 million party members Other special interest groups: Free German Youth, Free German Trade Union Federa- tion, Democratic Women's Federation of Germany, German Cultural Federation (all Communist dominated) Member of: CEMA, IAEA, ICES, ILO, IMO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $154.8 billion (1983), $9,270 per cap- ita; 1983 growth rate 2.0% Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops potatoes, rye, wheat, barley, oats Fishing: catch 265,015 metric tons (1983) Major industries: metal fabrication, chemi- cals, light industry, brown coal, shipbuilding Shortages: grain, vegetables, vegetable oil, beef, coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel products, nonferrous metals Crude steel: 7.2 million metric tons produced (1983), approx. 432 kg per capita Electric power: 23,010,000 kW capacity (1984); 113.568 billion kWh produced (1984), 6,793 kWh per capita Exports: $31.5 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1983) Imports: $30.2 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1983) Major trade partners: 65.2% Socialist coun- tries, 29.4% developed West, 5.4% less developed countries Monetary conversion rate: 2.60 ostmarks=US$l (June 1984) Fiscal year: same as calendar year Communications Railroads: 14,226 km total; 13,933 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 293 km 1.000-meter or other narrow gauge, 3,830 (est.) km 1.435- meter double track standard gauge; 2,096 km overhead electrified (1983) Highways: 120,455 km total; 47,455 km con- crete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,887 km are autobahn and limited access roads; over 73,000 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone, and earth (1982) Inland waterways: 2,319 km (1983) Freight carried: rail 325.6 million metric tons, 54.9 billion metric ton/km (1983); high- way 584.1 million metric tons, 15.4 billion metric ton/km (1983); waterway 17.5 mil- lion metric tons, 2.4 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic) (1983) Pipelines: crude oil, 1,200 km; refined prod- ucts, 500 km; natural gas 1,500 km Ports: 4 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz), 13 minor; principal inland water- way ports are E. Berlin, Riesa, Magdeburg, and Eisenhuttenstadt Telecommunications: 3.441 million tele- phones in use (1983) 84 Germany, Federal Republic of Defense Forces Branches: National People's Army, Border Troops, Ministry of State Security Guard Regiment, Air and Air Defense Command, People's Navy Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,318,000; 3,460,000 fit for military service; 121,000 reach military age (18) annually Ships: 12 principal surface combatants, 6 pa- trol combatants, 12 amphibious warfare ships, 82 coastal patrol river/roadstead craft, 30 mine warfare craft, 6 underway replen- ishment ships, 2 fleet support ships, 30 other auxiliaries Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, 12.2 billion marks; 5.8% of total budget 200km Baltic Set The final borders ol Germany have not been established S ref lonil map V Land 248,577 km 2 (including West Berlin); the size of Wyoming; 33% cultivated, 29% forest, 23% meadow and pasture, 13% waste or ur- ban, 2% inland water Land boundaries: 4,232 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 1,488 km (approx.) People Population: 61,132,000, including West Ber- lin (July 1985), average annual growth rate-0.2% Nationality: noun German(s); adjective German Ethnic divisions: primarily German; Danish minority Religion: 45% Roman Catholic, 44% Protes- tant, 11% other Language: German Literacy: 99% Labor force: 25.668 million (1982); 33.8% manufacturing, 29.2% services, 16.8% gov- ernment, 5.9% construction, 5.4% agriculture, 1.7% other; 9.2% unemployed (February 1985) Organized labor: 37% of total labor force; 46.4% of wage and salary earners (1982) Government Official name: Federal Republic of Ger- many Type: federal republic Capital: Bonn Political subdivisions: 10 Lander (states); Western sectors of Berlin are ultimately con- trolled by US, UK, and France, which, together with the USSR, have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin Legal system: civil law system with indige- nous concepts; constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts in the Su- preme Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Branches: bicameral parliament Bundes- rat (Federal Council, upper house), Bundestag (National Assembly, lower house); President (titular head of state), Chancellor (executive head of government); indepen- dent judiciary Government leaders: Richard von WEIZSACKER, President (since July 1984); Dr. Helmut KOHL, Chancellor (since Octo- ber 1982) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: national election generally held every four years; last held on 6 March 1983 Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem- ocratic Union (CDU), Helmut Kohl, Gerhard Stoltenberg, Ernst Albrecht, Alfred Dregger, Lother Spaeth; Christian Social Union (CSU), Franz Josef Strauss, Edmund Stoiber, Friedrich Zimmermann, Theo Waigel; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Martin Banqe- Mann, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Wolfgang Mischnick; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Willy Brandt, Hans-Jochen Vogel, Johannes Rau, Hans Apel, Horst Ehmke; National 85 Germany, Federal Republic of (continued) Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Mussgnug; Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies; Green Party (Greens), Petra Kelly, Otto Schily, Roland Vogt Voting strength: (1983 election) 48.8% CDU/CSU (CDU 38.2%, CSU 10.6%), 38.2% SPD, 6.9% FDP, 5.6% Greens, .5% other Communists: about 40,000 members and supporters Other political or pressure groups: expellee, refugee, and veterans groups Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy CNP: $655.5 billion (1983), $10,672 per cap- ita (1982); 56.3% private consumption, 20.4% public consumption, 17.5% private invest- ment, 30% public investment, 0.4% inventory change, 2.4% net foreign balance; growth rate 1.1% (1982, at 1976 prices); growth rate 1.3% (1983, at 1976 prices) Agriculture: main crops grains, potatoes, sugar beets; 75% self-sufficient Fishing: catch 274,000 metric tons, $126.9 million (1983); exports $228.9 million, im- ports $625.9 million (1982) Major industries: among world's largest pro- ducers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, ships, vehicles, machine tools Shortages: fats and oils, pulses, tropical prod- ucts, sugar, cotton, wool, rubber, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous metals, sulfur Crude steel: 50-60 million metric tons capac- ity; 35.7 million metric tons produced (1983), 580 kg per capita Electric power: 93,095,000 kW capacity (1984); 394. 1 15 billion kWh produced (1984), 6,420 kWh per capita Exports: $168.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); manu- factures 84.7% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural prod- ucts 5.5%, fuels 3.3%, raw materials 2.8%, other 3.7% Imports: $152.0 billion (c.i.f., 1983); manu- factures 55.4%, fuels 21.3%, agricultural products 12.4%, raw materials 8.2%, other 2.6% Major trade partners: (1983) EC 47.1% (France 12.9%, Netherlands 8.8%, UK 8.1%, Italy 7.5%, Belgium-Luxembourg 7.3%,), other Europe 19.1%, US 7.6%, OPEC 7.2%, Communist 5.3% Aid: donor bilateral economic aid commit- ments (ODA and OOF), $39.2 billion (1970- 82) Budget: (1983) federal government expendi- tures, $97.4 billion; revenues, $84.9 billion; deficit, $12.5 billion Monetary conversion rate: 3.07 marks=US$l (October 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 32,555 km total; 28,5&3 km 1.435- meter government owned, standard gauge, 12,491 km double track; 11,140km electri- fied; 4,022 km nongovernment owned; 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 214 km electrified, 424 km 1.000-meter gauge; 186 km electrified Highways: 466,305 km total; 169,568 km classified, includes 6,435 km autobahn, 32,460 km national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state highways (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen), and 296,737 km of unclassi- fied communal roads (Gemeindestrassen) Inland waterways: 5,222 km, of which al- most 70% usable by craft of 990 metric ton capacity or larger Pipelines: crude oil, 2,343 km; refined prod- ucts, 3,389 km; natural gas, 95,414 km Ports: 10 major, 11 minor Civil air: 194 major transport aircraft Airfields: 479 total, 442 usable; 232 with per- manent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 33 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of the country; fully adequate in all re- spects; 31.37 million telephones (51 per 100 popl.); 77 AM, 392 FM, and 6,030 TV sta- tions; 6 submarine coaxial cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 7 antennas Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,595,000; 13,858,000 fit for military ser- vice; 525,000 reach military age ( 1 8) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $22.1 billion; almost 22.9% of the proposed central government budget 86 Ghana Takortdi See regional mip VII Gulf of Guinea Land 238,538 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Oregon; 60% forest and brush, 19% agricultural, 21% other Land boundaries: 2,285 km Water Coastline: 539 km Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm People Population: 13,197,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.0% Nationality: noun Ghanaian(s); adjec- tive Ghanaian Ethnic divisions: 99.8% black African (major tribes Akan, Ewe, Ga), 0.2% European and other Religion: 42% Christian, 38% indigenous be- liefs, 12% Muslim, 7% other Language: English (official); African lan- guages include 44% Akan, 16% Mole- Dagbani, 13% Ewe, and 8% Ga-Adangbe Literacy: 30% Labor force: 3.7 million; 54.7% agriculture and fishing; 18.7% industry; 15.2% sales and clerical; 7.7% services, transportation, and communications; 3.7% professional; 400,000 unemployed Organized labor: 467,000 or approximately 13% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Ghana Type: republic; 31 December 1981 coup ended two- year-old civilian government and suspended constitution and political activity Capital: Accra Political subdivisions: 8 administrative re- gions and separate Greater Accra Area; regions subdivided into 58 districts and 267 local administrative districts Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; legal education at Uni- versity of Ghana (Legon); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 6 March Branches: executive authority vested in seven-member Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC); on 21 January 1982 PNDC appointed secretaries to head most ministries Government leader: Fit. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry John RA WLINGS, Chairman of PNDC (since De- cember 1981) Suffrage: universal at age 18 Elections: elections held in June 1979 for par- liament and president; presidential runoff election held in July; none scheduled since 1981 coup Political parties and leaders: political parties outlawed after 31 December 1981 coup Communists: a small number of Commu- nists and sympathizers Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, World Confederation of Labor, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy CNP: $10.5 billion(1982est.)real growth rate -7.2% (1982 est.) Agriculture: main crop cocoa; other crops include root crops, corn, sorghum, millet, coffee, peanuts; not self-sufficient but can become so Fishing: catch 230,593 metric tons (1981) Major industries: mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum Electric power: 1,200,000 kW capacity (1984); 2.102 billion kWh produced (1984), 152 kWh per capita Exports: $856.9 million (f.o.b., 1982); cocoa (about 45%), wood, gold, diamonds, manga- nese, bauxite, aluminum (aluminum regularly excluded from balance-of- payments data) Imports: $668.7 million (f.o.b., 1982); textiles and other manufactured goods, food, fuels, transport equipment Major trade partners: UK, EC, US Budget: revenues, $1.8 billion; expenditures and net lending, $3.5 billion (1981/82) Monetary conversion rate: 50 cedi=US$l (December 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; diesel locomotives gradu- ally replacing steam engines Highways: 32,250 km total; 6,084 km con- crete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel or laterite Inland waterways: Volta, Arikobra, and Tano rivers provide 168 km of perennial 87 Ghana (continued) Gibraltar navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta reservoir provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways Pipelines: refined products, 3 km Ports: 2 major (Tema, Takoradi) Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft Airfields: 11 total, 10 usable; 5 with perma- nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of open- wire and cable, radio-relay links; 68,900 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground sta- tion Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili- tary Palace Guard, paramilitary People's Militia Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,841,000; 1,581,000 fit for military service; 136,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1984, $75.8 million; 5.5% of central gov- ernment budget Mediterranean See Strait ol Gibraltar Sec regioni! map V Lighthouse Land 6.5 km 2 ; smaller than Washington, D.C. Land boundaries: 1.6 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 12 km People Population: 31,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 0.9% Nationality: noun Gibraltarian; adjec- tive Gibraltar Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, 8% Church of England, 2.25% Jewish Language: English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian also spoken; English used in the schools and for all official purposes Literacy: illiteracy is negligible Labor force: approx. 14,800, including non- Gibraltar laborers Organized labor: over 6,000 Government Official name: Gibraltar Type: British colony Capital: none Legal system: English law; constitutional talks in July 1968; new system effected in 1969 after electoral inquiry Branches: parliamentary system comprising the Gibraltar House of the Assembly (15 elected members and 3 ex officio members), the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, and the Gibraltar Council; the Gov- ernor is appointed by the Crown Government leaders: Adm. Sir David W. WILLIAMS, Governor and Commander in Chief (since 1982); Sir Joshua A. HASSAN, Chief Minister (1964-69 and since 1972) Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other UK subjects resident six months or more Elections: every four years; last held in Janu- ary 1984 Political parties and leaders: Gibraltar La- bor Party/Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), Sir Joshua Hassan; Democratic Party of British Gibral- tar (DPBG), Peter Isola; Socialist Labor Party, Joe Bossano Voting strength: (January 1984) House of the Assembly GCL/AACR, 8 seats; Socialist Labor, 7 seats Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: House- wives Association, Chamber of Commerce, Gibraltar Representatives Organization Economy Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on commerce and large British naval and air bases; nearly all trade in the well-developed port is transit trade and port serves also as important supply depot for fuel, water, and ships,' wares; recently built dockyards and machine shops provide maintenance and re- pair services to 3,500-4,000 vessels that call at Gibraltar each year; UK military establish- ments and civil government employ nearly half the insured labor force and a recently 88 Greece announced decision to close the Royal Navy dockyard will significantly add to unemploy- ment; local industry is confined to manu- facture of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, and canned fish; some factories for manufacture of clothing are being developed; a small segment of local population makes its livelihood by fishing; in recent years tourism has increased in impor- tance Electric power: 59,600 kW capacity (1984); 210 million kWh produced (1984), 7,000 kWh per capita Exports: $47.8 million (1983); principally re- exports of tobacco, petroleum, and wine Imports: $136.8million (1983); principally manufactured goods, fuels, and foodstuffs; 65% from UK Major trade partners: UK, Morocco, Portu- gal, Netherlands Budget: (FY82) revenues, $89 million; expen- diture, $84.2 million Monetary conversion rate: .833 Gibraltar pound=.833 pound sterling=US$l (Decem- ber 1984) Communications Railroads: 1.000-meter gauge system in dockyard area only Highways: 56 km, mostly paved Ports: 1 major (Gibraltar) Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate interna- tional radiocommunication facilities; automatic telephone system serving 9,400 telephones(31.5 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of United Kingdom Branches: Gibraltar Regiment See regional map V Land 131,944 km 2 ; the size of New York; 40% meadow and pasture; 29% arable and perma- nent crop; 20% forest; 11% waste, urban, and other Land boundaries: 1,191 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm Coastline: 13,676 km People Population: 9,966,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.6% Nationality: noun Greek(s); adjective Greek Ethnic divisions: 97.7% Greek, 1.3% Turk- ish; 1.0% Vlach, Slav, Albanian, Pomach Note: The Greek Government states that there are no ethnic minorities in Greece Religion: 98% Greek Orthodox, 1.3% Mus- lim, 0.7% other Language: Greek (official); English and French widely understood Literacy: 95% Labor force: 3.7 million (1981 census); ap- proximately 39% services, 31% agriculture, 30% industry; urban unemployment is esti- mated at 10%; substantial unreported unem- ployment exists in agriculture Organized labor: 10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of urban labor force Government Official name: Hellenic Republic Type: presidential parliamentary govern- ment; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974 Capital: Athens Political subdivisions: 51 departments (nomoi) constitute basic administrative units for country; each nomos headed by officials appointed by central government and policy and programs tend to be formulated by cen- tral ministries; degree of flexibility each nomos may have in altering or avoiding pro- grams imposed by Athens depends upon tradition and influence that prominent local leaders and citizens may exercise vis-a-vis key figures in central government; the de- partments of Macedonia and Thrace exercise some degree of autonomy from Athens since they are governed through the Ministry of Northern Greece Legal system: new constitution enacted in June 1975 National holiday: Independence Day, 25 March Branches: executive consisting of a President, elected by the Vouli (Parliament), a Prime Minister, and a Cabinet; unicameral legisla- ture consisting of the 300-member Vouli; and an independent judiciary Government leaders: Dr. Andreas PAPANDREOU, Prime Minister (since Oc- tober 1981); Christos SARTZETAKIS, President Suffrage: universal age 18 and over Elections: every four years; Papandreou's Panhellenic Socialist Movement defeated the incumbent New Democracy government of Greece (continued) George Rallis in elections held on 18 October 1981; presidential election 17 March 1985 Political parties and leaders: Panhellenic So- cialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas Papandreou; New Democracy (ND), Con- stantine Mitsotakis; Communist Party- Exterior (KKE-Ext), Kharilaos Florakis; Communist Party-Interior (KKE-Int), Giannis Banias; United Democratic Left (EDA), Ilias Iliou; National Political Union, George Popadopoulos Voting strength: Parliament Panhellenic Socialist Movement, 165 seats; New Democ- racy, 109 seats; Communists (Exterior), 12 seats; independents and minor parties, 14 seats Communist: an estimated 25,000-30,000 members and sympathizers Member of: EC, EIB (associate), EMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, IWC Interna- tional Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: $34.9 billion (1983), $3,544 per capita; real growth rate 0.8% (1983) Agriculture: main crops wheat, olives, to- bacco, cotton, raisins; nearly self-sufficient; food shortages livestock products Major industries: food and tobacco process- ing, textiles, chemicals, metal products Crude steel: 1.3 million metric tons produced (1983 est), 132 kg per capita Electric power: 9,928,000 kW capacity (1984); 24.613 billion kWh produced (1984), 2,485 kWh per capita Exports: $4.41 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal items tobacco, minerals, fruits, textiles Imports: $9.5 billion (c.i.f., 1983); principal items machinery and automotive equip- ment, petroleum and petroleum products, manufactured consumer goods, chemicals, meat and live animals Major trade partners: (1983 est.) imports 17.3% FRG, 12.4% Saudi Arabia, 8.9% Italy, 6.8% Japan, 6.8% France; exports 20. 1 % FRG, 13.5% Italy, 7.4% France, 7.3% Saudi Arabia, 6.3% US Aid: economic commitments US, including Ex-Im, $525 million (FY70-82); other West- ern bilateral (ODA and OOF), $1 billion (1970-82); Communist countries (1970-83), $360 million; military US, $2.1 billion (FY70-83) Budget: (1983) central government revenues $9.4 billion, expenditures $13.3 billion, $3.9 billion deficit Monetary conversion rate: 124.40 Greek drachmas=US$l (October 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 2,479 km total; 1,565 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, of which 36 km electrified and 100 km double track, 889 km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km 0.750-meter nar- row gauge; all government owned Highways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 km improved earth, 3,540 km unim- proved earth Inland waterways: system consists of three coastal canals and three unconnected rivers, which provide navigable length of just under 80km Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km; refined products, 547km Ports: 2 major, 12 secondary, 37 minor Civil air: 39 major transport aircraft Airfields: 81 total, 78 usable; 55 with perma- nent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate, modern networks reach all areas on mainland islands; 3.11 million telephones (31. 6 per 100 popl.); 28 AM, 37 FM, and 195 TV stations; 5 subma- rine cables; 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas and 1 Indian Ocean antenna Defense Forces Branches: Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,360,000; 1,908,000 fit for military service; about 77,000 reach military age (21) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $2.2 billion; about 17.5% of central government budget 90 Greenland 675km Arctic Ocean Denmark Strait See regional map II Qaqort Land 2,175,600 km 2 ; larger than contiguous US; 84% permanent ice and snow, less than 1% arable (of which only a fraction cultivated), 15% other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: approx. 44,087 km (includes minor islands) People Population: 54,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 1.2% Nationality: noun Greenlander(s); adjec- tive Greenlandic Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eskimos and Greenland-born whites), 14% Danish Religion: Evangelical Lutheran Language: Danish, Eskimo dialects Literacy: 99% Labor force: 21,378; largely engaged in fish- ing, hunting, and sheep breeding Government Official name: Greenland Type: self-governing province of Kingdom of Denmark; two representatives in Danish par- liament; separate Minister for Greenland in the Danish Cabinet Capital: Godthab (Nuuk) Political subdivisions: 3 counties, 19 com- munes Legal system: Danish law; transformed from colony to province in 1953; limited home rule began in spring 1979 Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with the elected 26-seat Landsting and Dan- ish parliament; executive power vested in Premier and four-person council; 19 lower courts Government leaders: MARGRETHE II, Queen (since January 1972); Jonathan MOTZFELDT, Prime Minister (since May 1979) Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21 Elections: held every four years; most recent, 6 June 1984 Political parties: Siumut, 11 seats (moderate socialist, advocating more distinct Greenland identity and greater autonomy from Den- mark); Atassut Party, 1 1 seats (more conservative, favors continuing close rela- tions with Denmark); Inuit Ataqatigiit, 3 seats (Marxist-Leninist party favoring com- plete independence from Denmark rather than home rule) Economy GNP: included in that of Denmark Agriculture: arable areas largely in hay; sheep grazing; garden produce Fishing: catch 105,830 tons (1982); exports $108.6 million (1980) Major industries: mining, fishing, sealing Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity (1984); 168 million kWh produced (1984), 3,170 kWh per capita Exports: $168.4 million (f .o.b., 1980); fish and fish products, metallic ores and concentrates Imports: $259.4 million (c.i.f., 1980); petro- leum and petroleum products, machinery and transport equipment, food products Major trade partners: (1980) Denmark 49.4%, Finland 9.5%, FRG 8.1%, US 6.3%, UK 2.9% Monetary conversion rate: 10.80 Danish Kroner=US$l (November 1984 average) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 80 km Ports: 1 major, 16 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 10 total, 7 usable; 5 with perma- nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and radio relay; 15,300 telephones (30.9 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 13 FM, 4 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of Denmark Military manpower: included with Den- mark 91 Grenada Caribbean Sea North Atlantic Ocean > SAINT GEORGE'S ''Grenada Sec regional map III Land 344 km 2 (Grenada and southern Grenadines); twice the size of Washington, D.C.; 44% cul- tivated; 17% unused but potentially productive; 12% forest; 4% pasture; 23% built on, waste, and other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 121 km People Population: 88,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 0.4% Nationality: noun Grenadian(s); adjec- tive Grenadian Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent Religion: largely Roman Catholic; Anglican; other Protestant sects Language: English (official); some French patois Literacy: unknown Labor force: 38,000 (1980 est.); 38% services, 20% agriculture, 11% construction, 4% man- ufacturing; 27% unemployment Organized labor: 80% of labor force Government Official name: Grenada Type: independent state; recognizes Eliza- beth II as Chief of State Capital: St. George's Political subdivisions: 6 parishes Legal system: based on English common law National holiday: Independence Day, 7 Feb- ruary Branches: bicameral legislature (15-member elected House of Representatives and 13- member appointed Senate; executive is Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; judiciary consists of Grenada Supreme Court, com- posed of the High Court of Justice and two- tier Court of Appeals Government leaders: Sir Paul SCOON, Gov- ernor General (since 1978); Herbert BLAIZE, Prime Minister (since December 1984) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: last general election held 3 De- cember 1984 Political parties and leaders: the New Na- tional Party (NNP) is the ruling party and is a three-party centrist coalition composed of the Grenada National Party (GNP), the Na- tional Democratic Party (NDP), and the Grenada Democratic Movement (GDM); for- mer Prime Minister Eric Gairy revived his Grenada United Labor Party (GULP) in 1984; the Maurice Bishop Patriotic Move- ment (MBPM) was formed in May 1984 and is composed of pro-Cuban Socialists; the New Jewel Movement (NJM) consists of supporters of Bernard Coard and other hardliners ac- cused of killing Bishop in 1983 Voting strength: (1984 election) NNP 59%, GULP 36%, MBPM 5%; parliamentary seats NNP, 14; GULP, 1 Communists: the New Jewel Movement, which is currently trying to revitalize, and the less hardline Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO Economy GDP: $119 million (1983), $1,337 per capita; real growth rate 2.6% (1983 est.) Agriculture: main crops cocoa, nutmeg, mace, and bananas Electric power: 12,000 kW capacity (1984); 26 million kWh produced (1984), 300 kWh per capita Exports: $19.1 million (f.o.b., 1983 prelim.); cocoa beans, nutmeg, bananas, mace Imports: $56.2 million (c.i.f., 1983 prelim.); food, machinery and transport equipment, oil, building materials Major trade partners: exports 32% UK, 10% FRG, 10% Netherlands (1982); im- ports 20% US, 19% Trinidad and Tobago, 15% UK (1982) Budget: (prelim. 1982) revenues, $27 million; expenditures, $62 million Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib- bean dollars=US$l (December 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unim- proved Ports: 1 major (St. George's), 1 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent- surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m 92 Guadeloupe Telecommunications: automatic, island- wide telephone system with 5,650 telephones (5.4 per 100 popl.); new SHF links to Trinidad and St. Vincent; VHP and UHF links to Trin- idad and Carriacou; 2 AM stations, 1 TV station Defense Forces Branches: Royal Grenada Police Force 20krr Caribbean Sea See regional map III Land 1,779 km 2 ; more than twice the size of New York City; area consists of two islands; 47% waste and built on, 24% crop, 16% forest, 9% pasture, 4% potential crop Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 306 km People Population: 333,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 0.4% Nationality: noun Guadeloupian(s); adjec- tive Guadeloupe Ethnic divisions: 90% black or mulatto; 5% Caucasian; less than 5% East Indian, Leba- nese, Chinese Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African Language: French, Creole patois Literacy: over 70% Labor force: 120,000; services, government, and commerce 53%; industry 25.8%; agricul- ture 21.2%; significant unemployment Organized labor: 11% of labor force Government Official name: Department of Guadeloupe Type: overseas department and region of France; represented by three deputies in the French National Assembly and two senators in the Senate; last Assembly election, 21 June 1981 Capital: Basse-Terre Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34 communes, each with a locally elected municipal council Legal system: French legal system; highest court is a court of appeal based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by Paris; legislative, popularly elected General Council of 36 members and a Regional Coun- cil composed of members of the local General Council and the locally elected deputies and senators to the French parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial system Government leader: Maurice SABORIN, Prefect of the Republic (since 1984) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: General Council elections are nor- mally held every five years; last General Council election took place in June 1981; re- gional assembly elections held February 1983 Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Gabriel Lisette; Communist Party of Guadeloupe (PCG), Henri Bangou; Socialist Party (MSG), leader unknown; Pro- gressive Party of Guadeloupe (PPG), Henri Rodes; Independent Republicans; Federa- tion of the Left; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union for a New Major- ity (UNM) Voting strength: (1981 election) French Na- tional Assembly MSG, 1 seat; PCG, 1 seat; UDF, 1 seat Communists: 3,000 est. 93 Guadeloupe (continued) Guatemala Other political or pressure groups: Guade- loupe Liberation Army (GLA), Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance (ARC), Popular Movement for Independent Guadeloupe (MPGI) Member of: WFTU Economy GDP: $1.18 billion (1980), $3,765 per capita; real growth rate 15.7% (1979-80 average) Agriculture: sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, vegetables Major industries: construction, cement, rum, light industry, tourism Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity (1984); 273 million kWh produced (1984), 822 kWh per capita Exports: $89.2 million (1981); bananas, sugar, rum Imports: $560 million (1981); vehicles, food- stuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, construction materials, petroleum products Major trade partners: exports 88% franc zone; imports 73% franc zone, 3% Italy (1981) Aid: economic bilateral ODA and OOF commitments (1970-79) from Western (non- US) countries, $2.4 billion; no military aid Budget: $198 million (1981) Monetary conversion rate: 9.65 French francs=US$l (January 1985) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines Highways: 1,954 km total; 1,600 km paved, 340 km gravel and earth Ports: 1 major (Pointe-a-Pitre), 3 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 9 total, 9 usable, 8 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659m Telecommunications: domestic facilities in- adequate; 50,200 telephones (15.7 per 100 popl.); interisland radio-relay to Antigua, Dominica, and Martinique; 2 AM, 3 FM, 9 TV stations Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of France Military manpower: males 15-49, 89,000 110km See regional map III Land 108,780 km 2 ; the size of Tennessee; 57% for- est; 14% cultivated; 10% pasture; 19% other Land boundaries: 1,625 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 1 2 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 400 km People Population: 8,335,000 (July 19&5), average annual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun Guatemalan(s); adjec- tive Guatemalan Ethnic divisions: 58.6% Ladino (mestizo and westernized Indian), 41.4% Indian Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, traditional Mayan Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as a primary tongue ( 1 8 Indian dialects, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi) Literacy: 50% Labor force (1984): 2.5 million; 57.0% agri- culture, 14.0% manufacturing, 13.0% services, 7.0% commerce, 4.0% construction, 3.0% transport, 0.8% utilities, 0.4% mining; unemployment 33% 94 Organized labor: 10% of labor force (1984) Government Official name: Republic of Guatemala Type: republic Capital: Guatemala Political subdivisions: 22 departments Legal system: civil law system; constitution came into effect 1966 but suspended follow- ing March 1982 coup; Constituent Assembly elected in July 1984 currently drafting new constitution and other electoral laws in anticipation of national elections later this year; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at University of San Carlos of Gua- temala; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: traditionally dominant executive; unicameral legislature (National Congress) abolished 23 March 1982; power vested in Office of President; seven-member (mini- mum) Supreme Court Government leader: Maj. Gen. Oscar Humberto MEJIA Victores, Chief of State (since August 1983) Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory for literates, optional for illiterates Elections: last election (Constituent Assem- bly) held 1 July 1984; Presidential and Congressional elections held 7 March 1982 Political parties and leaders: 20 political groups participated in elections for an 88- member Constituent Assembly in July 1984; national elections tentatively scheduled dur- ing 1985; Democratic Institutional Party (PID), Oscar Humberto Rivas Garcia; Revo- lutionary Party (PR), Napoleon Alfaro; National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario Sandoval Alarcon; Guatemalan Chris- tian Democratic Party (DCG), Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo; Nationalist Authentic Cen- tral (CAN), Mario Roberto Aguilar Arroyo; National United Front (FUN), Gabriel Giron Ortiz; Nationalist Renovator Party (PNR), Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre; United Revo- lutionary Party (FUR), Edmundo Lopez Duran; National Centrist Union (UCN), Jorge Carpio Nicolle Voting strength: (July 1984) Constituent As- sembly DCG 318,300 (16%), UCN 269,500 (13%), MLN/CAN 245,500(12%); PR 142,600 (7%)i PNR 129,700 (6%); PID 102,800(5%). Communists: Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT); main radical left guerrilla groups Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolu- tionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and PGT Dissidents Other political or pressure groups: Feder- ated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF) Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IHRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC Interna- tional Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $8.9 billion (1983), $1,136 per capita; 26% commerce, 25% agriculture, 9% finan- cial services, 7% transportation and communication, 6% government, 11% other; average annual real growth rate (1975-80), 5.7%; real growth rate 1983, -5.4% Agriculture: main products coffee, cotton, corn, beans, sugarcane, bananas, livestock Fishing: catch 4,898 metric tons (1980) Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, non- metallic minerals, metals Electric power: 655,000 kW capacity (1983); 1.8 billion kWh produced (1983), 235 kWh per capita Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1983); coffee, cot- ton, sugar, bananas, meat Imports: $1.12 billion (c.i.f., 1983); manufac- tured products, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels Major trade partners: exports (1983) 30% US, 17% El Salvador, 6% Honduras, 5% Costa Rica; imports(1983) 33% US, 10% El Salva- dor, 8% Netherland Antilles, 7% Mexico, 7% Venezuela Aid: economic commitments US, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $305 million; from other Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-82), $5.8 billion; military assistance from US (FY70-79), $22 million Central government budget: (1983 est.) ex- penditures, $1.03 billion; revenues, $704 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 quetzal=US$l (official; February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 870 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 780 km government owned, 90 km pri- vately owned Highways: 26,429 km total; 2,851 km paved, 1 1,438 km gravel, and 12,140 km unimproved Inland waterways: 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water season Pipelines: crude oil, 48 km Ports: 2 major (Puerto Ouezal, formerly known as San Jose, and Santo Tomas de Casti- lla), 3 minor Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft Airfields: 498 total, 451 usable; 11 with per- manent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m 95 Guatemala (continued) Guinea Telecommunications: fairly modern telecom network centered on Guatemala City; 97,670 telephones (1.6 per 100 popl.); 98 AM, 20 FM, 25 TV stations; connection into Central American microwave net; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,979,000; 1,343,000 fit for military service; about 77,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $179.8 million; 14.9% of central government budget CONAKRV North Atlantic Ocean See regional mip VII Land 245,957 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Oregon; 10% forest, 3% crop Land boundaries: 3,476 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 346 km People Population: 5,734,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun Guinean(s); adjective Guinean Ethnic divisions: Fulani, Malinke, Sousou, 15 smaller tribes Religion: 75% Muslim, 24% indigenous be- liefs, 1% Christian Language: French (official); each tribe has own language Literacy: 20% in French; 48% in local lan- guages Labor force: 2.4 million (1983); 82% agricul- ture, 11% industry and commerce, 5.4% services, 1.6% government Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage la- bor force loosely affiliated with the National Confederation of Guinean Workers Government Official name: Republic of Guinea Type: republic Capital: Conakry Political subdivisions: 8 provinces, divided into 36 prefectures Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem, customary law, and decree; 1958 constitution suspended after military coup on 3 April 1984; legal codes currently being re- vised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 2 Oc- tober; Anniversity of Committee for National Redressment, 3 April Branches: coup on 3 April 1984 established the 25-member (currently 20 members) Mili- tary Committee for National Redressment to determine government policy; the highest ranking CMRN member became President, with other CMRN assuming most Cabinet portfolios; precoup unicameral legislature has been abolished Government leaders: Col. Lansana CONTE, Head of Government (since April 1984) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: none scheduled but CMRN has promised to create a true and viable democ- racy Political parties and leaders: following 3 April 1984 coup all political activity banned and only party, Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG), dissolved Communists: no Communist party, although there are some sympathizers Guinea-Bissau (formerly Portuguese Guinea) Member of: AfDB, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, Mano River Union, Niger River Com- mission, NAM, OAU, OATUU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $1.51 billion (1983 est), $278 per cap- ita; real growth rate 1.3% (1984 est.) Agriculture: cash crops coffee, bananas, palm products, peanuts, citrus fruits, pineap- ples; staple food crops cassava, rice, millet, corn, sweet potatoes; livestock raised in some areas Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina, diamond mining, light manufacturing and processing industries Electric power: 100,000 kW capacity (1984); 264 million kWh produced (1984), 47 kWh per capita Exports: $537 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.); baux- ite, alumina, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels Imports: $403 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.); pe- troleum products, metals, machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles Major trade partners: imports France, USSR, US; exports US, USSR, France, Spain Budget:(198S) public revenues, $444 million; current expenditures, $330 million; develop- ment expenditures, $104 million Monetary conversion rate: 25.1 sylis=US$l (December 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter standard gauge Highways: 30,000 km total; 1,087 km paved, 13,013 km gravel or laterite, 16,000 km un- improved earth Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft Ports: 1 major (Conakry), 2 minor Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 17 total, 17 usable; 5 with perma- nent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Defense Forcjes Branches: Army (ground forces), Navy (acts primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, para- military National Gendaramerie Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,282,000; 645,000 fit for military service 80 km North At/antic Ocean See regional map VII Land 36,260 km 2 (includes Bijagos archipelago); about the size of New Hampshire and Connecticut combined Land boundaries: 740 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 1 2 nm (economic, including, fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 274 km People Population: 858,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 1.9% Nationality: noun Guinea-Bissauan(s); ad- jective Guinea-Bissauan Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (30% Balanta, 20% Fula, 14% Manjaca, 13% Mandinga, 7% Papel); less than 1% European and mulatto Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, 30% Mus- lim, 5% Christian Language: Portuguese (official); Criolo and numerous African languages Literacy: 9% Labor force: 90% agriculture; 5% industry, services, and commerce; 5% government 97 Guinea-Bissau (continued) Government Official name: Republic of Guinea-Bissau Type: republic; highly centralized one party regime since September 1974 Capital: Bissau Political subdivisions: 9 municipalities, 3 circumscriptions (predominantly indigenous population) Legal system: new constitution approved May 1984 National holiday: Independence Day, 24 September Branches: president and cabinet; 150-mem- ber National Popular Assembly, overseen by 15-member Council of State Government leaders: Brig. Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA, President, Council of State (since November 1980); Paulo CORREIA, First Vice President, Council of State (since May 1984); lafai CAMARA, Sec- ond Vice President, Council of State (since May 1984) Suffrage: universal over age 15 Elections: legislative elections held March 1984 Political parties and leaders: African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), led by President Vieira, only legal party; Guinea-Bissau de- cided to retain the binational party title despite its formal break with Cape Verde Communists: a few Communists, some sym- pathizers Member of: Af DB, CEAO, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $154 million (FY83), $182 per capita, real growth rate -5.1% (1983) Agriculture: main crops rice, palm prod- ucts, root crops, coconuts, peanuts, wood Fishing: catch 6,000 metric tons (1983) Major industries: agricultural processing, beer, soft drinks Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1984); 26 million kWh produced (1984), 30 kWh per capita Exports: $8.6 million (1983); principally pea- nuts; also palm kernels, shrimp, fish, lumber Imports: $57.1 million (1983); foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, transport equip- ment Major trade partners: mostly Portugal, Spain, and other European countries Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $12.2 million; current expenditures, $27.4 million; invest- ment expenditures, $27.9 million Monetary conversion rate: 83.528 Guinea Bissauan pesos=US$l (November 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: approx. 3,218 km (418 km bitu- minous, remainder earth) Inland waterways: scattered stretches are important to coastal commerce Ports: 1 major (Bissau) Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 56 total, 50 usable; 5 with perma- nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: limited system of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; 3,000 tele- phones(0.5per lOOpopl.); 1 AM station, 1 FM station, no TV stations Defense Forces Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air Force are separate components Military manpower: males 15-49, 197,000; 1 15,000 fit for military service Ships: no combat ships Guyana North Atlantic Ocean GEORGETOWN || NewAmsterdt SterttionilmipIV Land 214,970 km 2 ; the size of Idaho; 66% forest; 22% water, urban, and waste; 8% savanna; 3% pasture; 1% cropland Land boundaries: 2,575 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 459 km People Population: 798,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 0.4% Nationality: noun Guyanese (sing., pi.); ad- jective Guyanese Ethnic divisions: 51% East Indian, 43% black and mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2% European and Chinese Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9% Muslim, 1% other Language: English, Amerindian dialects Literacy: 85% Labor force: 200,000 (1982); 44.5% industry and commerce, 33.8% agriculture, 21.7% ser- vices; 64% public sector employment; approximately 21% unemployed Organized labor: 34% of labor force Government Official name: Cooperative Republic of Guyana Type: republic within Commonwealth Capital: Georgetown Political subdivisions: 10 government dis- tricts Legal system": based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris- diction National holiday: Republic Day, 23 Febru- ary Branches: Executive President, who appoints and heads a cabinet; unicameral legislature (53-member National Assembly) elected by proportional representation every five years Government leader: Linden Forbes Samp- son BURNHAM, Executive President (since 1964; elected in 1980 under new constitution) Suffrage: universal adult over age 18 Elections: last held in December 1980 Political parties and leaders: People's Na- tional Congress (PNC), Forbes Burnham; People's Progressive Party (PPP), Cheddi Jagan; Working People's Alliance (WPA), Rupert Roopnarine, Clive Thomas, Walter Omawale, Eusi Kwayana, Moses Bhagwan, Kenneth Persand; United Force (UF), Feilden Singh; Vanguard for Liberation and Democracy (VLD; also known as Liberator Party), Ganraj Kumar, Dr. J. K. Makepeace Richmond; Democratic Labor Movement, Dr. Paul Tennassee Voting strength: (1980 election, unofficial returns) 77% PNC (41 seats), 19% PPP (10 seats), 4% UF (2 seats) Communisms.- est. 100 hardcore within PPP; top echelons of PPP and PYO (Progressive Youth Organization, militant wing of the PPP) include many Communists, but rank and file is conservative and non-Communist; small but unknown number of orthodox Marxist-Leninists within PNC, some of whom are PPP turncoats Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress (TUC); Working People's Vanguard Party (WP VP); Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO); Civil Liberties Action Committee (CLAC); the latter two organizations are small and active but not well organized Member of: CARICOM, CDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GNP: $430 million (1982), $539 per capita; real growth - 10% (1982) Agriculture: main crops sugarcane, rice, other food crops; food shortages wheat flour, cooking oil, processed meat, dairy products Major industries: bauxite mining, sugar and rice milling, timber fishing (shrimp), textiles, gold mining Electric power: 200,000 kW capacity (1984); 266 million kWh produced (1984), 335 kWh per capita Exports: $241 million (c.i.f., 1982); bauxite, sugar, rice, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum Imports: $283 million (c.i.f., 1982); manufac- tures, machinery, food, petroleum Major trade partners: exports 28% UK, 21% US, 14% CARICOM, 6% Canada; im- ports 35% CARICOM, 23% UK, 22% US, 4% Canada (1980) Budget: est. revenue, $200 million; expendi- ture $381 million (1983) Monetary conversion rate: G$4.25=US$1 (December 1984) Guyana (continued) Haiti Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 185km total, allsingle track 1.435- meter gauge Highways: 7,650 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, 575 km un- improved Inland waterways: 6,000 km total of naviga- ble waterways; Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo Rivers are navigable by oceango- ing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km, respectively Ports: 1 major (Georgetown), 6 minor Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft Airfields: 86 total, 85 usable; 6 with perma- nent-surface runways; 11 with runways 1, 220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair telecom system with radio-relay network and over 27,000 telephones (3.3 per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad; 3 AM, 3 FM, no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Guyana Defense Force (including Maritime Corps and Air Corps), Guyana Po- lice Force, Guyana People's Milita, Guyana National Service Military manpower: males 15-49, 206,000; 164,000 fit for military service 70 tm North Atlantic Ocean Caribbean Sea See region*! map HI Land 27,749 km 2 ; the size of Maryland; 44% unpro- ductive, 31% cultivated, 18% rough pasture, 7% forest Land boundary '.-361 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 1,771 km People Population: 5,762,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.9% Nationality: noun Haitian(s); adjective Haitian Ethnic divisions: 95% black, 5% mulatto and European Religion: 75-80% Roman Catholic (of which an overwhelming majority also practice Voo- doo), 10% Protestant Language: French (official) spoken by only 10% of population; all speak Creole Literacy: 23% Labor force: 2.3 million (est. 1975); 79% agri- culture, 14% services, 7% industry; significant unemployment; shortage of skilled labor; unskilled labor abundant Organized labor: less than 1% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Haiti Type: republic Capital: Port-au-Prince Political subdivisions: five departments de- spite constitutional provision for nine) Legal system: based on Roman civil law sys- tem; constitution adopted 1964 and amended 1971 and 1983; legal education at State Uni- versity in Port-au-Prince and private law colleges in Cap-Haitien, Les Cayes, Gonai'ves, and Jeremie; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan- uary Branches: lifetime President; unicameral legislature (59-member National Assembly) has very limited powers; judiciary appointed by President Government leader: Jean-Claude DUVA- LIER, President for Life (since 1971) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: constitution as amended in 1983 named Duvalier President for Life and granted him authority to name his successor; most recent legislative election held Febru- ary 1984 Political parties and leaders: National Unity Party, inactive government party; Haitian Christian Democratic Party, Sylvio Claude (inactive); Haitian Christian Socialist Party, Gregoire Eugene (inactive) Voting strength: (1984 legislative elections) Assembly comprised of regime loyalists Communists: United Haitian Communist Party (PUCH), illegal and in exile; domestic strength unknown; party leaders in exile Other political or pressure groups: none 100 Honduras Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy CNP:$1.5billion(1982), $300 per capita; real growth rate 1982, -1% Agriculture: main crops coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, sorghum Major industries: sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing, baux- ite mining, tourism, light assembly industries Electric power: 184,000 kW capacity (1984); 314 million kWh produced (1984), 54 kWh per capita Exports: $167.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); coffee, light industrial products, bauxite, essential oils, sisal Imports: $284 million (f.o.b., 1982); con- sumer durables, foodstuffs, industrial equipment, petroleum products, construc- tion materials Major trade partners: exports 59% US; im- ports 45% US (1978) Aid: economic bilateral commitments, in- cluding Ex-Im (FY70-83), from US, $317 million; ODA and OOF from other Western countries (1970-82), $296 million; military US (FY70-83), $3 million Budget: (1982) revenues, $176 million; ex- penditures, $366 million Monetary conversion rate: 4.94 gourdes=US$l (November 1984) Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September Communications Railroads: 80 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, single-track, privately owned industrial line Highways: 3,975 km total; 950 km paved, 900 km otherwise improved, 2,125 km unim- proved Inland waterways: negligible; less than 100 km navigable Ports: 2 major (Port-au-Prince, Cap Haitien), 12 minor Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airfields: 15 total, 12 usable; 3 with perma- nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: domestic facilities barely adequate, international facilities slightly better; 40,000 telephones (0.8 per 100 popl.); 34 AM, 1 1 FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Atlan- tic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Corps, Volun- teers for National Security Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,293,000; 720,000 fit for military service; about 62,000 reach military age (18) annually Caribbean Sea Puerto Cones Boundary not necessarily authoritative Sec riflonil imp III Land 112,088 km 2 ; slightly larger than Tennessee; 36% waste and built on; 30% pasture; 27% forest; 7% crop Land boundaries: 1,530 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 820 km People Population: 4,394,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.4% Nationality: noun Honduran(s); adjec- tive Honduran Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo (mixed Indian and European), 7% Indian, 2% black, 1% white Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic; small Protestant minority Language: Spanish, Indian dialects Literacy: 56% Labor force: 1.2 million (1984); 54% agricul- ture, 28% services, 13% manufacturing, 4% construction, 1% other; 30% unemployed; 60% underemployed Organized labor: 40% of urban labor force, 20% of rural work force (1981) 101 Honduras (continued) Government Official name: Republic of Honduras Type: republic Capital: Tegucigalpa Political subdivisions: 18 departments Legal system: rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law; new constitution became effective in January 1982; the nine Supreme Court jus- tices are appointed by Congress; legal education at University of Honduras in Te- gucigalpa; accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: constitution provides for elected President, unicamera! legislature (82-mem- ber National Congress), and national judicial branch Government leader: Dr. Roberto SUAZO Cordova, President (since January 1982) Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18 Elections: national election for president and legislature held every four years; next elec- tion scheduled for 25 November 1985; legislature chosen by proportional represen- tation; 282 county councils Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party (PLH) party president, Romualdo Bueso Penalba; faction leaders, Roberto Suazo Cor- dova (Rodista faction), Jose Azcona del Hoyo (Azconista subfaction), Jorge Bueso Arias (ALIPO faction), Jorge Arturo Reina (M- Lider faction); National Party (PNH) party president, Juan Pablo Urrutia (leader of MUC faction); leaders are Ricardo Ziifiiga Augustinus (Officialista faction), Mario Ri- vera Lopez (Riverista subfaction), and Rafael Leonardo Callejas (MONARCA faction); Na- tional Innovation and Unity Party (PINU) Miguel Andonie Fernandez; Christian Dem- ocratic Party (PDCH) Ef rain Diaz Arivillaga Voting strength: (1981 election) 1.2 million out of 1.5 million eligible voters cast ballots; PLH 52%, PNH 41%, PINU 2.4%, PDCH 1.6%, legislative seats PLH 44, PNH 34, PINU 3, PDCH 1 * Communists: up to 1,500; Honduran- leftist groups Communist Party of Honduras (PCH), Communist Party of Honduras/ Marxist-Leninist (PCH/ML), Morazanist Front for the Liberation of Honduras (FMLH), People's Revolutionary Union/ Popular Liberation Movement (URP/MPL), Popular Revolutionary Forces-Lorenzo Zelaya (FPR), Socialist Party of Honduras (PASO), and Central American Workers Revolutionary Party (PRTC) Other political or pressure groups: National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH), Honduran Council of Private En- terprise (COHEP), Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH), National Union of Campesinos (UNC), General Workers Confederation (CGT), United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH) Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $3.2 billion (1984), $753 per capita; real growth rate average 3.1% (1980-83); real growth rate 2.8% (1984) Agriculture: main crops bananas, coffee, corn, beans, sugarcane, rice, tobacco Fishing: catch 5,023 metric tons (1982) Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, clothing, wood products Electric power: 255,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.1 billion kWh produced (1984), 250 kWh per capita Exports: $675 million (f.o.b., 1983); bananas, coffee, lumber, meat, petroleum products Imports: $705 million (f.o.b., 1983); manu- factured products, machinery, transpor- tation equipment, chemicals, petroleum Major trade partners: exports 54% US, 8% CACM, 6% Japan, 5% FRG (1983); imports 47% US, 11% CACM, 6% Japan, 5% Trinidad and Tobago (1983) Aid: economic commitments US, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $485 million loans; other Western (non-US) countries, ODA and ODF (1970-82), $333 million; military assistance from US (FY79-83), $112 million Budget: (1983) revenues, $389 million; ex- penditures, $605 million Monetary conversion rate: 2 lempiras=US$l (4 January 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 1,207 km total; 444 km 1.067- meter gauge, 763 km 0.914-meter gauge Highways: 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km un- improved earth Inland waterways: 730 km navigable by small craft Ports: 1 major (Puerto Cortes), 4 minor Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft Airfields: 200 total, 182 usable; 7 with per- manent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: improved, but still in- adequate; connection into Central American microwave net; 33,700 telephones (1.0 per 100 popl.); 129 AM, 32 FM, 7 TV stations; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground stations 102 Hong Kong Defense Forces Branches: Armed Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 965,000; 575,000 fit for military service; about 48,000 reach military age (18) annually J> Shan South China Sea StercgionilmipVIII Hong Kong i -Is/and Land 1,064 km 2 ; about one and one-third times the size of New York City; 14% arable, 10% for- est, 76% other (mainly grass, shrub, steep hill country) Land boundaries: 24 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 733 km People Population: 5,491,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: adjective Hong Kong Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other Religion: 90% eclectic mixture of local reli- gions, 10% Christian Language: Chinese (Cantonese), English Literacy: 75% Labor force: (June 1984) 2.52 million; 37.3% manufacturing; 22.1% commerce; 18.4% ser- vices; 7.6% construction; 7.6% transport and communications; 5.4% financing, insurance, and real estate; 1.2% agriculture, fishing, mining, and quarrying; 0.4% other; unem- ployment (seasonally adjusted) 3.6% Organized labor: 15.2% of 1984 labor force Government Official name: Hong Kong Type: British dependent territory; scheduled to revert to China in 1997 Capital: none Political subdivisions: Hong Kong, Kowloon, and New Territories Legal system: English common law Branches: Governor assisted by advisory Ex- ecutive Council, legislates with advice and consent of Legislative Council; Executive Council composed of governor, five senior of- ficials, and 12 unofficial members; Legislative Council composed of governor, three ex-officio members, 16 official mem- bers, and 27 unofficial members; Urban Council, which alone includes elected repre- sentatives, responsible for health, recreation, and resettlement; independent judiciary Government leader: Sir Edward YOUDE, Governor and Commander in Chief (since May 1982) Suffrage: limited to 200,000 to 300,000 pro- fessional or skilled persons Elections: every two years to select half of elected membership of Urban Council; other Urban Council members appointed by the Governor Political parties: no significant parties Communists: an estimated 2,000 cadres affiliated with Communist Party of China Other political or pressure groups: Federa- tion of Trade Unions (Communist controlled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (Nationalist Chinese domi- nated), Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (Communist controlled), Federa- tion of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong Member of: ADB, IMO, INTERPOL, Multiflber Arrangement, WMO 103 Hong Kong (continued) Hungary Economy GDP: (1984 est.) $31.5 billion, $5,830 per capita; real growth, 8.5% Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor position in the economy; main products rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% self- sufficient; shortages rice, wheat, water Major industries: textiles and clothing, tour- ism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, and clocks Shortages: industrial raw materials Electric power: 5,512,000 kW capacity (1984); 16.870 billion kWh produced (1984), 3, 1 27 kWh per capita Exports: $22.1 billion (f.o.b., 1983), including $7.7 billion reexports; principal products clothing, plastic articles, textiles, electrical goods, wigs, footwear, light metal manufac- tures 7mpors.-$24.1 billion (c.i.f., 1983) Major trade partners: (1983) exports 32% US, 11% China, 5% UK, 5% FRG; imports 24% China, 23% Japan, 11% US. Budget: (1983/84) $4.5 billion Monetary conversion rate: 7.798 Hong Kong dollars=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 35 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned Highways: 1,160 km total; 794 km paved, 306 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth Ports: 1 major (Hong Kong) Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659m Telecommunications: modern facilities pro- vide excellent domestic and international services; 62 telephone exchanges, 1.5 million telephones; 5 AM and 9 FM radiobroadcast stations with 1 1 transmitters; 5 TV stations; 2.5 million radio and 1.1 million TV receiv- ers; 10,100 Telex subscriber lines with.direct connections to 47 countries; 2 INTELSAT ground stations with access to Pacific and In- dian Ocean satellites; coaxial cable to Guangzhou (Canton), China; 3 international submarine cables; troposcatter to Taiwan available but inactive Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of United King- dom Branches: Headquarters of British Forces, Gurkha Field Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Police Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,628,000; 1,280,000 fit for military service; about 53,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 30 June 1984, $195.3 million; about 4.3% of cen- tral government budget and 1% of GDP 120km Sec ref lonal map V Land 92,980 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Indiana; 70.9% cultivated, 54.0% arable, 16% forest, 14% agricultural, 10% other Land boundaries: 2,245 km People Population: 10,645,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.2% Nationality: noun Hungarian(s); adjec- tive Hungarian Ethnic divisions: 92.4% Hungarian, 3.3% Gypsy, 2.5% German, 0.7% Jewish, 1.1% other Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Cal- vinist, 5.0% Lutheran, 7.5% atheist and other Language: 98.2% Hungarian, 1.8% other Literacy: 98% Labor force: 4,970,100(1983); 32% industry; 22% agriculture; 46% services, trade, govern- ment, and other Government Official name: Hungarian People's Republic Type: Communist state Capital: Budapest 104 Political subdivisions: 19 megyes (counties), 5 autonomous cities in county status Legal system: based on Communist legal the- ory, with both civil law system (civil code of 1960) and common law elements; constitu- tion adopted 1949 amended 1972; Supreme Court renders decisions of principle that sometimes have the effect of declaring legis- lative acts unconstitutional; legal education at Lorand Eotvos University Faculty of Law in Budapest and two other schools of law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Liberation Day, 4 April Branches: executive Presidential Council (elected by parliament); unicameral legisla- ture National Assembly (elected by direct suffrage); judicial Supreme Court (elected by parliament) Government leaders: Pal LOSONCZI, Presi- dent, Presidential Council (since April 1967); Gyorgy LAZAR, Premier, Council of Minis- ters (since May 1975) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: every five years (last election June 1980); national and local elections are held separately Political parties and leaders: Hungarian So- cialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP), sole party; Janos Kadar, First Sec- retary (since November 1956) Voting strength: (1980 election) 7,809,000 (99.3%) for Communist-approved candi- dates; 97% of electorate eligible to vote did so Communists: about 820,000 party members (June 1982) Member of: CEMA, Danube Commission, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GNP: $68.8 billion in 1983 (at 1982 US dol- lars), $6,439 per capita; 1983 growth rate, -0.5% Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; main crops corn, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, wine grapes Major industries: mining, metallurgy, engi- neering industries, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially Pharmaceuticals) Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite), copper, high grade coal, forest products, crude oil Crude steel: 3.6 million metric tons produced (1983), 338 kg per capita Electric power: 6,530,000 kW capacity (1984); 26.709 billion kWh produced (1984), 2,513 kWh per capita Exports: $14.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 37% fu- els, raw materials, and semifinished products; 26% machinery and equipment; 23% agricultural and forestry products; 14% manufactured consumer goods /mporl mip V I Land 434,924 km 2 ; larger than California; 68% desert, waste, or urban; 18% cultivated; 10% seasonal and other grazing; 4% forest and wood Land boundaries: 3,668 km (including areas belonging to Iraq and now occupied by Iran during continuing border war) Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 58 km People Population: 15,507,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.3%; figures do not take into account the impact of the Iran-Iraq war Nationality: noun Iraqi(s); adjective Iraqi Ethnic divisions:75% Arab, 15-20% Kurdish, 10% Turkic, Assyrian, and other Religion: 90% Muslim (55% Sh'ia, 40% Sunni), 10% Christian or other Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions); Assyrian, Armenian Literacy: about 50% Labor force: 3.1 million (1977); 30% agricul- ture, 27% industry, 21% government, 22% other; severe labor shortage due to war; ex- patriate labor force est. at 900,000 Organized labor: 1 1 % of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Iraq Type: republic; National Front government consisting of Ba'th Party (BPI), weak nation- alist parties, and proadministration Kurds Capital: Baghdad Political subdivisions: 18 provinces under centrally appointed officials Legal system: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system elsewhere; provisional constitution adopted in 1968; ju- dicial review was suspended; legal education at University of Baghdad; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holidays: anniversaries of the 1958 and 1968 revolutions are celebrated 14 July and 17 July; various religious holidays Branches: Ba'th Party of Iraq has been in power since 1968 coup; unicameral legisla- ture (National Assembly) Government leaders: Saddam HUSAYN, President (since July 1979); Izzat IBRAHIM, Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (since July 1979) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: elections National Assembly elections held October 1984; Legislative Council for the Autonomous Region held September 1980 Communists: est. 2,000 hardcore members Political or pressure groups: political parties and activity severely restricted; possibly some opposition to regime from disaffected members of the regime, army officers, and religious and ethnic dissidents Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Develop- ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, 112 OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: $27 billion (1984 est.) Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice, live- stock Major industry: crude petroleum 1 billion b/d (1984 est.); petroleum revenues, $10.2 billion (1984 est.) Electric power: 4,759,000 kW capacity (1984); 14.590 billion kWh produced (1984), 972 kWh per capita Exports: $10.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984 est.); from nonoil receipts, $300 million est. Imports: $13.7 billion (f.o.b., 1984 est.); 14% from Communist countries (1980) Major trade partners: exports France, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Turkey, UK, USSR, other Communist countries; imports FRG, Ja- pan, France, US, UK, USSR, other Communist countries (1980) Budget: public revenues, $17 billion; current expenditures, $8.9 billion; development ex- penditures, $11.1 billion (1979 est.) Monetary conversion rate: .3109 Iraqi dinar=US$l (October 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 1,700 km total; 1,123 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 577 km 1.000-meter gauge; 16 km 1.000-gauge double track Highways: 20,791 km total; 6,490 km paved, 4,654 km improved earth, 9,656 km unim- proved earth Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al-Arab navigable by maritime traffic for about 104 km (closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war); Tigris and Euphrates naviga- ble by shallow-draft steamers (of little importance); Shatt al-Basrah canal probably navigable by shallow draft vessels Ireland Ports: 3 major (Basra, Umm Qasr, Al-Faw), none in operation due to war Pipelines: crude oil, 3,821 km; 725 km re- fined products; 1,360 km natural gas Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft Airfields: 103 total, 94 usable; 50 with per- manent-surface runways; 5 with runways over 3,659 m, 50 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good network consists of coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; about 500,000 telephones (3.9 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM, 81 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean, and 1 Intersputnik satellite station; coaxial cable and radio-relay to Kuwait, Jor- dan, Syria, and Turkey Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,545,000; 2,038,000 fit for military service; about 171,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $14.0 billion North Atlantic Ocean Irish Saa See regional map V Land 70,282 km 2 ; larger than West Virginia; 51% meadow and pasture, 27% waste or urban, 17% arable, 3% forest, 2% inland water Land boundaries: 360 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 1,448 km People Population: 3,590,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.0% Nationality: noun Irishman(men), Irish (collective pi.); adjective Irish Ethnic divisions: Celtic, with English minor- ity Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, 2% other Language: Irish (Gaelic) and English (offi- cial); English is generally spoken Literacy: 99% Labor force: about 1,173,000(1981); 19.6% manufacturing; 17.8% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 16.2% commerce; 8.3% construction; 5.8% government; 5.5% transportation; 26.8% other; 10.9% unemployment (average 1981) Organized labor: 36% of labor force Government Official name: Ireland, Eire (Gaelic) Type: republic Capital: Dublin Political subdivisions: 26 counties Legal system: based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous con- cepts; constitution adopted 1937; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: St. Patrick's Day, 17 March Branches: elected President; bicameral par- liament (Seanad, Dail) reflecting propor- tional and vocational representation; judiciary appointed by President on advice of government Government leaders: Dr. Patrick J. KILLER Y, President (since 1 976); Dr. Garret FITZGERALD, Prime Minister (since 1982); Richard SPRING, Deputy Prime Minister (since 1982) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: Dail (lower house) elected every five years last election November 1982; President elected for seven-year term last election October 1983 Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, Charles Haughey; Labor Party, Richard Spring; Fine Gael, Garret FitzGerald; Com- munist Party of Ireland, Michael O'Riordan; Workers' Party, Tomas MacGiolla; Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams Voting strength: (1982 election) Dail Fianna Fail, 75 seats; Fine Gael, 70 seats; La- bor Party, 16 seats; independents, 3 seats; Workers' Party, 2 seats Communists: under 500 Member of: Council of Europe, EC, EMS, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, 113 Ireland (continued) Israel (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) ICAO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy CNP: $15 billion (1983), $4,263 per capita; 64.2% consumption, 24.8% investment, 21.9% government, 0.6% inventories; - 1 1.5% net foreign demand; 0.6% real GNP (1983) Agriculture: 70% of agricultural area used for permanent hay and pasture; main prod- uctslivestock and dairy products, turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; 85% self- sufficient; food shortages grains, fruits, vegetables Fishing: catch 197,000 metric tons (1983); ex- ports of fish and fish products $97 million (1982), imports of fish and fish products $36 million (1982) Major industries: food products, brewing, textiles and clothing, chemicals and pharma- ceuticals, machinery and transportation equipment Crude steel: 66,000 metric tons produced in 1978 Electric power: 3,335,000 kW capacity (1984); 11.422 billion kWh produced (1984), 3,210 kWh per capita Exports: foodstuffs (primarily dairy prod- ucts), $8.76 billion (f.o.b., February 1982); computers, live animals, machinery, chemi- cals, clothing Imports: $9. 163 billion (c.i.f., 1983); machin- ery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, semifinished goods, cereals Major trade partners: imports 67.2% EC (45.3% UK, 8.0% FRG, 4.7% France), 14.7% US, 1.6% Communist (1983); exports 68.6% EC (36.9% UK, 9.9% FRG, 8.3% France), 8.1% US, 1.3% Communist (1983) Budget: (1984 est.) expenditures, $7. 19 bil- lion; revenues, $6.08 billion; deficit, $1.11 billion Monetary conversion rate: 0.9818 Irish pound=US$l (October 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 2,190 km 1.600-meter gauge, gov- ernment owned; 485 km double track Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km sur- faced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone Inland waterways: limited for commercial traffic Pipelines: natural gas, 225 km Ports: 2 major, 6 secondary, 38 minor Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft Airfields: 40 total, 36 usable; 13 with perma- nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: small, modern system using cable and radio-relay circuits; 779,000 telephones (22.2 per 100 popl.); 24 AM, 14 FM, 74 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine ca- bles; planned satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Naval Service, Army Air Corps Military manpower: males 15-49, 844,000; 691,000 fit for military service; about 27,000 reach military age (17) annually Major ground units: 4 infantry brigades and 2 independent battalions Supply: UK and France are the principal sup- pliers of army materiel; UK provides 105- mm light guns and Scorpion light tanks, and France provides MILAN antitank missiles and Panhard reconnaissance vehicles; Swe- den also provides weapon systems, including RBS-70 surface-to-air missiles, recoilless ri- fles, and armored personnel carriers Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $250 million; about 2.5% of the central government budget 100km Nazararth Tel Aviv-Yafo Mediterranean Sea Boundary representation not necessarily authonut S regional map VI Dead Sea NOTE: The Arab territories occupied by Is- rael since the 1967 war are not included in the data below; as stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by the President's 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned parties; Camp David further specifies that these ne- gotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries; pending the comple- tion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza Strip "Factsheet"); on 25 April 1982 Is- rael relinquished control of the Sinai to Egypt; statistics for the Israeli-occupied Go- lan Heights are included in the Syria "Factsheet." Land 20,720 km 2 ; the size of Massachusetts; 40% pasture and meadow; 29% unsurveyed (mostly desert); 20% cultivated; 4% forest; 4% desert, waste, or urban; 3% inland water Land boundaries: 1,036 km (before 1967 war) Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm Coastline: 273 km (before 1967 war) 114 People Population: 4,085,000, excluding West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: noun Israeli(s); adjective Israeli Ethnic divisions: 85% Jewish, 15% non-Jew- ish (mostly Arab) Religion: 85% Judaism, 1 1 % Islam, 4% Chris- tian and other Language: Hebrew official; Arabic used offi- cially for Arab minority; English most commonly used foreign language Literacy: 88% Jews, 70% Arabs Labor force: est. 1,400,000 (1984); 29.5% public services; 22.8% industry, mining, and manufacturing; 12.8% commerce; 9.5% fi- nance and business; 6.8% transport, storage, and communications; 6.5% construction and public works; 5.5% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 5.8% personal and other services; 1.0% electricity and water (1983); unemploy- ment about 6% (1984 est.) Organized labor: 90% of labor force Government Official name: State of Israel Type: republic Capital: Jerusalem; not recognized by US, which maintains Embassy in Tel Aviv Political subdivisions: six administrative dis- tricts Legal system: mixture of English common law and, in personal area, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; commercial mat- ters regulated substantially by codes adopted since 1948; no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the Knesset (legislature) relat- ing to the Knesset, Israeli lands, the president, the government and the Israel citizenship law; no judicial review of legislative acts; le- gal education at Hebrew University of Jerusalem; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic- tion, with reservations National holidays: Israel declared indepen- dence on 14 May 1948; because the Jewish calendar is lunar, however, the holiday varies from year to year; all major Jewish religious holidays are also observed as national holi- days Branches: president has largely ceremonial functions, except for the authority to decide which political leader should try to form a ruling coalition following an election or the fall of a previous government; executive power vested in Cabinet; unicameral parlia- ment (Knesset) of 120 members elected under a system of proportional representation; leg- islation provides fundamental laws in absence of a written constitution; two distinct court systems (secular and religious) Government leaders: Shimon PERES, Prime Minister (since September 1984); Chaim HERZOG, President (since May 1983) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: held every four years unless re- quired by dissolution of Knesset; last election held in July 1984; next scheduled for Novem- ber 1988 Political parties and leaders: Israel currently has a national unity government comprised of 8 parties that hold 97 of the Knesset's 120 seats; members of the unity government Labor Alignment, Prime Minister Shimon Peres; Likud Bloc, Vice Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Yitzhak Shamir (in 1986 Shamir and Peres will trade government po- sitions); Shinui Party, Minister of Communications Amnon Rubenstein; Na- tional Religious Party, Minister of Religious Affairs Yosef Burg; SHAS, Minister of Inte- rior Yitzhak Peretz; opposition parties Tehiya-Tzomet, Yuval Ne'eman; MAPAM, Eliezer Grant; Citizens' Rights Movement, Shulamit Aloni; RAKAH (Communist party), Meir Wilner; Progressive List for Peace, Mu- hammad Mi'ari Voting strength: Labor Alignment, 40 seats; Likud, 41 seats; MAPAM, 6 seats; Tehiya- Tzomet, 5 seats; Citizens' Rights Movement, 4 seats; RAKAH, 4 seats; SHAS, 4 seats; Na- tional Religious Party, 4 seats; Shinui Party, 3 seats; Morasha, 2 seats; Agudat Yisrael, 2 seats; Progressive List for Peace, 2 seats; Ometz, 1 seat; Kakh, 1 seat; TAMI, 1 seat Communist: RAKAH (predominantly Arab but with Jews in its leadership) has some 1,500 members Other political or pressure groups: Black Panthers, a loosely organized youth group seeking more benefits for oriental Jews; Gush Emunim, Jewish rightwing nationalists push- ing for freedom for Jews to settle anywhere on the West Bank; Peace Now critical of government's West Bank and Lebanon poli- cies Member of: FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOOC, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, OAS (observer), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: $24.5 billion (1984, in 1984 prices), $6,093 per capita; 1984 growth of real GNP 0.0% Agriculture: main products citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef and dairy prod- ucts, poultry products Major industries: food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles and clothing, chemicals, metal products, transport equip- ment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining, high-technology electronics Electric power: 3,585,000 kW capacity (1984); 15.305 billion kWh produced (1984), 3,810 kWh per capita Exports: $5.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); major items polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods, fertilizer and chemical products, electronics; tourism is important foreign exchange earner 115 Israel (continued) Italy Imports: $8.8 billion (f.o.b., 1983); major items military equipment, rough dia- monds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, and air- craft Major trade partners: exports US, UK, FRG, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy; imports US, FRG, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg Budget: public revenue $10.4 billion, expen- diture $15.2 billion (1981) Monetary conversion rate: the Israeli pound was allowed to float on 31 October 1977; the shekel became the unit of account on 1 Octo- ber 1980 (1 shekel=10 Israeli pounds); 56.21 shekels=US$l (average conversion rate for 1983) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 647 km 1.435-meter single track standard gauge; diesel operated Highways: 4,459 km; majority is bituminous surfaced Inland waterways: none Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined prod- ucts, 290 km; natural gas, 89 km Ports: 3 major (Haifa, Ashdod, Elat), 5 minor Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft Airfields: 66 total, 56 usable; 26 with perma- nent-surface runways; 6 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: most highly devel- oped in the Middle East though not the largest; good system of coaxial cable and ra- dio relay; 1,302, 000 telephones (32.1 per 100 popl.); 11 AM, 24 FM, 54 TV stations; 2 sub- marine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Israel Defense Forces; historically there have been no separate Israeli military services; ground, air, and naval components are part of Israel Defense Force* Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 1,941,000; of 979,000 males 15-49, 616,000 fit for military service; of 962,000 females 15- 49, 603,000 fit for military service; 37,000 males and 35,000 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes liable for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1984, $3.7 billion; 32% of central gov- ernment budget Sardinia See rtf ional map V Land 301,223 km 2 ; slightly larger than Arizona; 50% cultivated, 21% forest, 17% meadow and pasture, 9% waste or urban; 3% unused but potentially productive Land boundaries: 1,702 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 4,996 km People Population: 57,149,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.3% Nationality: noun Italian(s); adjective Italian Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but popu- lation includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and of Albanian-Italians in the south Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region (for example, Bolzano) are pre- dominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region; Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area Literacy: 93% 116 Labor force: 23,272,000 (October 1984); 29.9% industry, 10.6% agriculture, 49.3% ser- vices (October 1984); 10.2% unemployment (October 1984) Organized labor: 50-55% (est.) of labor force Government Official name: Italian Republic Type: republic Capital: Rome Political subdivisions: constitution provides for establishment of 20 regions; five with spe- cial statute (Sicilia, Sardegna, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Ciulia, and Valle d'Aosta) have been functioning for some time, and the remaining 15 regions with reg- ular statute were instituted on 1 April 1972; 95 provinces, 8,081 communes Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; constitution came into effect 1 January 1948; judicial re- view under certain conditions in Consti- tutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Anniversary of the Repub- lic, 2 June Branches: executive President empowered to dissolve Parliament and call national elec- tion; he is also Commander of the Armed Forces and presides over the Supreme De- fense Council; otherwise, authority to govern invested in Council of Ministers; bicameral legislature popularly elected Parliament (315-member Senate, 630- member Chamber of Deputies); independent judicial establish- ment Government leaders: Sandro PERTINI, President (since July 1978); Bettino CRAXI, Premier (since August 1983) Suffrage: universal over age 18 (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age of voter is 25) Elections: national election for Parliament held every five years (most recent, June 1983); provincial and municipal elections held every five years with some out of phase; regional elections every five years (held June 1980) Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem- ocratic Party (DC), Ciriaco DeMita (political secretary); Communist party (PCI), Alessandro Natta (secretary general); Social- ist Party (PSJ), Bettino Craxi (party secretary); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Pietro Longo (party secretary); Liberal Party (PLI), Valerio Zanone (secretary general); Italian Social Movement (MSI), Giorgio Almirante (national secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giovanni Spadolini (political sec- retary) Voting strength: (1983 election) 32.5% DC, 30.5% PCI, 11.3% PSI, 6.6% MSI, 5.2% PRI, 4.0% PSDI, 3.0% PLI Communists: 1,673,751 members (1983) Other political or pressure groups: the Vati- can; three major trade union confederations (CGIL Communist dominated, CISL Christian Democratic, and UIL Social Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Ital- ian manufacturers association (Confin- dustria); organized farm groups Member of: ADB, ASSIMER, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECOWAS, EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter- American Development Bank, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GDP: $352.8 billion (1983), $6,208 per cap- ita; 63.9% private consumption, 18.0% gross fixed investment, 20.0% government, net for- eign balance 1.4%; 1982 growth rate 1.2% (1970 constant prices) Agriculture: important producer of fruits and vegetables; main crops cereals, pota- toes, olives; 95% self-sufficient; food shortages fats, meat, fish, and eggs Fishing: catch 406,828 metric tons ( 1 982); ex- ports $86 million ( 1 983), imports $697 million (1983) Major industries: machinery and transporta- tion equipment, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles Shortages: coal, fuels, minerals Crude steel: 24 million metric tons produced (1983), 422 kg per capita Electric power: 50,561,000 kW capacity (1984); 186.332 billion kWh produced (1984), 3,269 kWh per capita Exports: $72.8 billion (f .o.b., 1983); principal items machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs, chemicals, footwear Imports: $80.3 billion (c.i.f., 1983); principal items machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs, ferrous and nonferrous metals, wool, cotton, petroleum Major trade partners: (1981) 45% EC (17% FRG, 15% France, 6% UK, 3% Netherlands), 14% OPEC (4% Saudi Arabia), 8% US, 3% USSR, 1% Eastern Europe Aid: donor bilateral economic aid commit- ted ODA and OOF, $8.2 billion (1970-82) Monetary conversion rate: 1,944.0 lire=US$l (3 January 1985) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 20,085 km total; 16,140 km 1.435- meter government-owned standard gauge, 8,585 km electrified; 3,945 km privately owned 2,100km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1,155 km electrified, and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge, 380 km electri- fied 117 Italy (continued) Ivory Coast Highways: 294,410 km total; autos trade 5,900 km, state highways 45, 170 km, provin- cial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km concrete, bituminous, or stone block, 26,900 km gravel and crushed stone, 7,010 km earth Inland waterways: 1,600 km for various types of commercial traffic Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined prod- ucts, 2,148 km; natural gas, 16,660 km Ports: 9 major, 1 1 secondary, 40 minor Civil air: 132 major transport aircraft Airfields: 147 total, 140 usable; 85 with per- manent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 34 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: well engineered, well constructed, and efficiently operated; 21.68 million telephones (38.2 per 100 popl.); 135 AM, 1,837 FM, 1,407 TV stations; 20 subma- rine cables; 2 communication satellite ground stations with a total of 5 antennas Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,187,000; 11,960,000 fit for military ser- vice; 46 1 ,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $9.5 billion; about 5.3% of central government budget 170km Sec regional map VII Land 322,463 km 2 ; slightly larger than New Mex- ico; 52% grazing, fallow, and waste; 40% forest and wood; 8% cultivated; 322 km of lagoons and connecting canals extend east- west along eastern part of the coast Land boundaries: 3,227 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 515 km People Population: 10,056,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 4.0% Nationality: noun Ivorian(s); adjective Ivorian Ethnic divisions: 7 major indigenous ethnic groups; no single tribe more than 20% of population; most important are Agni, Baoule, Krou, Senoufou, Mandingo; approximately 2 million foreign Africans, mostly Burkinabe; about 70,000 to 75,000 non-Africans (40,000 French and 25,000 to 30,000 Lebanese) Religion: 63% indigenous, 25% Muslim, 12% Christian Language: French (official), over 60 native dialects; Dioula most widely spoken Literacy: 24% Labor force: over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising; about 1 1% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture, remainder in gov- ernment, industry, commerce, and professions Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force Government Official name: Republic of the Ivory Coast Type: republic; one-party presidential re- gime established 1960 Capital: Abidjan (capital city changed to Yamoussoukro in March 1983 but not recog- nized by US) Political subdivisions: 25 departments subdi- vided into 127 subprefectures Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem and customary law; constitution adopted 1960; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal educa- tion at Abidjan School of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 7 December Branches: President has sweeping powers, unicameral legislature (140-member Na- tional Assembly), separate judiciary Government leader: Felix HOUPHOUET- BOIGNY, President (since 1960) Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: legislative and municipal elections were held in November 1980; Houphouet- Boigny reelected in October 1980 to his fifth consecutive five-year term; next round of na- tional elections scheduled for October 1985 Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), only party; Houphouet-Boigny firmly controls party Communists: no Communist party; possibly some sympathizers 118 Jamaica Member of: Af DB, CEAO, KAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $7.6 billion (1982), $871 per capita; real average annual growth rate, 1.8% (1982) Agriculture: commercial coffee, cocoa, wood, bananas, pineapples, palm oil; food crops corn, millet, yams, rice; other com- modities cotton, rubber, tobacco, fish Fishing: catch 92,469 metric tons (1982); ex- ports $44.7 million (1979), imports $71.9 million (1979) Major industries: food and lumber process- ing, oil refinery, automobile assembly plant, textiles, soap, flour mill, matches, three small shipyards, fertilizer plant, and battery fac- tory Electric power: 974,000 kW capacity (1984); 2. 133 billion kWh produced (1984), 220 kWh per capita Exports: $2.45 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est); cocoa (30%), coffee (20%), tropical woods (11%), cot- ton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton Imports: $1.85 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est); man- ufactured goods and semifinished products (50%), consumer goods (40%), raw materials and fuels (10%) Aid: economic commitments Western (non-US) ODA and OOF (1970-82), $2.7 bil- lion; US authorizations, including Ex-Im (FY70-82), $340 million Major trade partners: (1979) France and other EC countries about 65%, US 10%, Com- munist countries about 3% Budget: (1982), revenues, $2.1 billion; cur- rent expenditures, $1.9 billion; capital expenditures and net lending, $0.8 billion Monetary conversion rate: 397.45 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (October 1983) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 657 km of the 1,175 km Abidjan to Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, line, all single track 1.000-meter gauge; only diesel locomo- tives in use Highways: 46,600 km total; 3,600 km bitumi- nous and bituminous-treated surface; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and im- proved earth; 11,000 km unimproved Inland waterways: 740 km navigable rivers and numerous coastal lagoons Ports: 2 major (Abidjan, San Pedro), 2 minor Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft, includ- ing multinationally owned Air Afrique fleet Airfields: 49 total, 45 usable; 3 with perma- nent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system above African average; consists of open-wire lines and ra- dio-relay links; 87,700 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 17 FM, 11 TV stations; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili- tary Gendarmerie Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,424,000; 1,245,000 fit for military service; 94,000 males reach military age (18) annually Caribbean Sea Caribbean Sea See regional map III Land 10,991 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Connecti- cut; 23% meadow and pasture; 21% arable; 19% forest; 37% waste, urban, or other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 1,022 km People Population: 2,428,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: noun Jamaican(s); adjective Jamaican Ethnic diwsions: 76.3% African, 15.1% Afro- European, 3.4% East Indian and Afro-East Indian, 3.2% white, 1.2% Chinese and Afro- Chinese, 0.9% other Religion: predominantly Protestant (includ- ing Anglican and Baptist), some Roman Catholic, some spiritualist cults Language: English, Creole Literacy: 76% Labor force: 703,000 (1980); 36.4% agricul- ture, 32.7% services, 16% government, 14.9% industry and commerce; shortage of tech- nical and managerial personnel; significant unemployment Organized labor: about 33% of labor force (1980) 119 Jamaica (continued) Government Official name: Jamaica Type: independent state within Common- wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state Capital: Kingston Political subdivisions: 12 parishes and the Kingston-St. Andrew corporate area Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, first Monday in August Branches: Cabinet headed by Prime Minis- ter; bicameral legislature 21-member Senate (13 nominated by the Prime Minister, eight by opposition leader, if any; currently no official opposition because of People's Na- tional Party boycott of December 1983 election; eight non-Jamaica Labor Party members appointed to current Senate by Prime Minister Seaga), 60-member elected House of Representatives; judiciary follows British tradition under a Chief Justice Government leaders: Edward Philip George SEAGA, Prime Minister (since November 1980); Sir Florizel A. GLASSPOLE, Gover- nor General (since 1973) Suffrage: universal adult at age 18 Elections: at discretion of Governor General upon advice of Prime Minister but within five years; last held 15 December 1983 Political parties and leaders: Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Edward Seaga; People's Na- tional Party (PNP), Michael Manley; Workers' Party of Jamaica (WPJ), Trevor Munroe; Communist Party of Jamaica Voting strength: in the 1983 general elec- tions 54 seats were uncontested; in 6 contested seats the JLP won overwhelmingly against several fringe parties; the PNP and WPJ boycotted the election; in 1980 general elections approx. 58.8% JLP (51 seats in House), 41.2% PNP (9 seats) Communists: Workers' Party of Jamaica (Marxist-Leninist) Other political or pressure groups: New World Group (Caribbean regionalists, na- tionalists, and leftist intellectual fraternity); Rastafarians (Negro religious/racial cultists, pan-Af ricanists); New Creation International Peacemakers Tabernacle (leftist group); Workers Liberation League (a Marxist coali- tion of students/labor) Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $3.0 billion (1982), $1,360 per capita; real growth rate 1984, -1.0% est. Agriculture: main crops sugarcane, citrus fruits, bananas, pimento, coconuts, coffee, cocoa, tobacco Major industries: tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures Electric power: 1,030,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.8 billion kWh produced (1984), 754 kWh per capita Exports: $713 million (f.o.b., 1983); alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, citrus fruits and fruit products, rum, cocoa Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1983); fuels, ma- chinery, transportation and electrical equipment, food, fertilizer Major trade partners: exports US 45%, UK 19%, Canada 6%, Norway 5%; imports US 32%, Venezuela 18%, Netherlands Antilles 12%, UK 10% (1979) Budget: revenues, $1.0 billion; expenditures, $1.6 billion (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 4.97 Jamaican dollars=US$l (January 1985) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March 120 Communications Railroads: 370 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track Highways: 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth Pipelines: refined products, 10 km Ports: 2 major (Kingston, Montego Bay), 10 minor Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft Airfields: 48 total, 34 usable; 15 with perma- nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fully automatic do- mestic telephone network with 124,300 telephones (6.0 per 100 pop].); 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT stations; 9 AM, 13 FM, 8 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables Defense Forces Branches: Jamaica Defense Force (includes Coast Guard and Air Wing) Military manpower: males 15-49, 579,000; 428,000 fit for military service; no conscrip- tion; 34,000 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually Personnel: 2,974 total Major ground units: 2 active infantry battal- ions, 1 reserve battalion Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1985, $22.6 million; about 2.8% of central government budget Japan Kitakyushu .' Philippine Sea ^Okinawa SeerrtiomlmapVllI Land 372,313 km 2 ; slightly smaller than California; 69% forest; 16% arable and cultivated, 12% urban and waste, 3% grass Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm except 3 nm in five international straits (fish- ing 200 nm) Coastline: 13,685 km People Population: 120,691, 000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.6% Nationality: noun Japanese (sing., pi); ad- jective Japanese Ethnic divisions: 99.4% Japanese, 0.6% other (mostly Korean) Religion: most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites; about 16% belong toother faiths, including 0.8% Christian Language: Japanese Literacy: 99% Labor force: (1983)58.9 million; 52% trade and services; 35% manufacturing, mining, and construction; 10% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 3% government; 2.7% unem- ployed Organized labor: about 30% of labor force Government Official name: Japan Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Tokyo Political subdivisions: 47 prefectures Legal system: civil law system with English- American influence; constitution promu- lgated in 1946; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Birthday of the Emperor, 29 April Branches: Emperor is merely symbol of state; executive power is vested in Cabinet domi- nated by the Prime Minister, chosen by the lower house of the bicameral, elective legisla- ture Diet (House of Councilors, House of Representatives); judiciary is independent Government leaders: HIROHITO, Emperor (since December 1926); Yasuhiro NAKA- SONE, Prime Minister (since November 1982) Suffrage: universal over age 20 Elections: general elections held every four years or upon dissolution of lower house, tri- ennially for half of upper house Political parties and leaders: Liberal Demo- cratic Party (LDP), Y. Nakasone, president; Japan Socialist Party (JSP), M. Ishibashi, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), R. Sasaki, chairman; Japan Communist Party (JCP), T. Fuwa, Presidium chairman; Clean Government Party (CGP), Y. Takeiri, chair- man; New Liberal Club (NLC), Y. Kono; Social Democratic Federation (SDF), S. Eda Voting strength: (1983 election) Lower House 45.8% LDP, 19.5% JSP, 10.1% CGP, 9.3% JCP, 7,3% DSP, 2.4% NLC, 0.7% SDF, 5% independents and minor parties; Upper House 35.3% LDP, 24.3% JSP, 10.5% JCP, 7.8% CGP, 5.7% DSP, 1.2% NLC, 0.0% SDF, 11.8% independents and minor parties Communists: approximately 470,000 regis- tered Communist Party members Member of: ADB, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-Ameri- can Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Whaling Commission, IWC International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GNP: $1,156 billion (1983, at 237.52 yen=US$l); $9,695 per capita (1983); 59% personal consumption, 28% investment, 10% government current expenditure, negligible stocks, and 2% foreign balance; real growth rate 3.0% (1983); average annual growth rate (1978-82), 4.2% Agriculture: land intensively cultivated; rice, sugar, vegetables, fruits; 72% self-sufficient in food (1980); food shortages meat, wheat, feed grains, edible oils and fats Fishing: catch 10.8 million metric tons (1982) Major industries: metallurgical and engi- neering industries, electrical and electronic industries, textiles, chemicals Shortages: fossil fuels, most industrial raw materials Crude steel: 97 million metric tons produced (1983) Electric power: 168,700,000 kW capacity (1984); 609 billion kWh produced (1984), 5,075 kWh per capita Exports: $146.9 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 97% manufactures (including 25% machinery, 18% motor vehicles, 9% iron and steel) Imports: $126.4 billion (c.i.f., 1983); 47% fos- sil fuels, 22.4% manufactures, 12% foodstuffs, 8% machinery Major trade partners: exports 29% US, 23% Southeast Asia, 16% Western Europe, 121 Japan (continued) Jordan (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) 12% Middle East, 6% Communist countries, imports 27% Middle East, 22% Southeast Asia, 19% US, 8% Western Europe, 6% Com- munist countries Aid: donor bilateral economic commitments (ODA and OOF), $31.5 billion (1970-83) Budget: revenues, $144 billion; expenditures, $21 1 billion; deficit, $67 billion (general ac- count for fiscal year ending March 1985) Monetary conversion rate: 251.40 yen=US$l (2 January 1985) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 21,387 km total (1982); 1,835 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 19,552 km pre- dominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge, 5,690 km double- and multitrack sections, 8,830 km 1.067-meter narrow gauge electrified, 1,804 km 1.435-meter standard gauge electrified Highways: 1,1 13,388 km total (1980); 510,904 km paved, 602,484 km gravel, crushed stone, or unpaved; 2,579 km national expressways, 40,212 km national highways, 43,907 km prin- cipal local roads, 86,930 km pref ectural roads, 939,760 km municipal roads Inland waterways: approx. 1,770 km; seago- ing craft ply all coastal "inland seas" Pipelines: crude oil, 131 km; natural gas, 1,800 km; refined products, 275 km Ports: 17 Japanese Port Association specifi- cally designated major ports, 110 other major ports, over 2,000 minor ports Civil air: 265 major transport aircraft Airfields: 181 total, 161 usable; 124 with per- manent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 25 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 50 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international service; 58.0 million tele- phones (49.5 per 100 popl.); 318 AM stations, 58 FM stations plus 436 relay stations; about 7,800 TV stations (196 major 1 kw or greater), and 2 ground satellite stations; sub- marine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and USSR Defense Forces Branches: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (air force), Maritime Safety Agency (coast guard) Military manpower: males 15-49, 31,516,000; 26,283,000 fit for military service; about 865,000 reach military age (18) annually Personnel: Ground Self-Defense Force, 156,000; Maritime Self-Defense Force, 42,100 (including 11, 900 air arm); Air Self- Defense Force, 43,400; Maritime Safety Agency, 11,200 Ships: 50 destroyers/frigates, 14 submarines, 50 mine warfare, 8 amphibious, 15 auxiliary and over 300 surface craft (an additional 520 patrol and service craft operate under the ju- risdiction of the Marine Safety Agency) Aircraft: 23 F-15, 130 F-4, and 90 F-104 fighter interceptors; 14 RF-4E reconnais- sance aircraft; 65 F-l fighter-support aircraft; 31 C-l, 10 YS-11 transport aircraft; 50 T-l, 70 T-2, 50 T-3, 60 T-33A trainers Missiles: 6 operational NIKE-Hercules groups, 8 operational HAWK groups (NIKE in air force, HAWK in ground force) Supply: defense industry potential is large, with capability of producing the most sophis- ticated equipment; manufactured equipment includes small arms artillery, ar- mored vehicles, and other types of ground forces materiel, aircraft (jet and prop), naval vessels (submarines, guided missile and other destroyers, patrol craft, mine warfare ships, and other minor craft, including amphibious, auxiliaries, service craft, and small support ships), small amounts of all types of army ma- teriel; several missile systems are produced under US license, and a vigorous domestic missile development program exists Military budget: actual for fiscal year ending 31 March 1986, $12.8 billion; 5.98% of total budget 100km Boundary representation is isafl)i authoritative See regional map VI NOTE: the war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in con- trol of the West Bank; as stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by the President's 1 September 1982 peace initia- tive, the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned parties; Camp David further spec- ifies that these negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries; pend- ing the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza Strip "Factsheet"). Land 97,740 km 2 ; slightly larger than Indiana; 88% desert, waste, or urban; 11% agricultural; 1% forest Land boundaries: 1,770 km (1967) Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 26 km People Population: 2,794,000, excluding West Bank and East Jerusalem (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 3.8% 122 Nationality: noun Jordanian(s); adjec- tive Jordanian Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% Circassian, 1% Armenian Religion: 90-92% Sunni Muslim, 8-10% Christian Language: Arabic official; English widely understood among upper and middle classes Literacy: about 70% Labor force: 463,000 Organized labor: about 10% of labor force Government Official name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jor- dan Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Amman Political subdivisions: five governorates un- der centrally appointed officials Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes; constitution adopted 1952; ju- dicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May Branches: King holds balance of power; Prime Minister exercises executive authority in name of King; Cabinet appointed by King and responsible to parliament; bicameral parliament with House of Representatives last chosen by national elections in April 1967, dissolved by King in February 1976, and reconvened in January 1984; Senate last appointed by King in January 1984; secular court system based on differing legal systems of the former Transjordan and Palestine; law Western in concept and structure; Sharia (re- ligious) courts for Muslims, and religious community council courts for non-Muslim communities; desert police carry out quasi- judicial functions in desert areas Government leader: HUSSEIN I, King (since August 1952) Suffrage: all citizens over age 20 Political parties and leaders: political party activity illegal since 1957 Communists: party actively repressed, membership estimated at less than 500 Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICA'O, IDA, IDB Islamic Develop- ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $5.1 billion (1983), $1,971 per capita; real growth rate (1983), 3.7% Agriculture: main crops vegetables, fruits, olive oil, wheat; not self-sufficient in many foodstuffs Major industries: phosphate mining, petro- leum refining, cement production, light manufacturing Electric power: 659,000 kW capacity (1984); 2.078 billion kWh produced (1984), 772 kWh per capita Exports: $580 million (f .o.b., 1983); fruits and vegetables, phosphate rock; Communist share 13% of total (1983) Imports: $3,036 million (c.i.f., 1983); petro- leum products, textiles, capital goods, motor vehicles, foodstuffs; Communist share 7% of total (1983) Aid: economic commitments US, including Ex-Im (1970-83), $1.2 billion; Western (non- US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-82), $744 million; military US (FY70-83), $1.1 billion Budget: (1983) total revenue, $1,977 million; current expenditures, $1,237 million; capital expenditures, $740 million Monetary conversion rate: .363 Jordanian dinar=US$l (1983 average) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 817 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track Highways: 6,332 total; 4,837 paved, 1,495 gravel and crushed stone Pipelines: crude oil, 209 km Ports: 1 major (Aqaba) Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft Airfields: 25 total, 21 usable; 16 with perma- nent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate system of radio-relay, cable, and radio; 81,300 tele- phones (3 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, 24 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 1 Arab satellite station under construction; coaxial cable and radio-relay to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria; radio-relay to Lebanon inactive Defense Forces Branches: Jordan Arab Army, Royal Jorda- nian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Coast Guard Military manpower: males 15-49, 630,000; 445,000 fit for military service; 40,000 reach military age (18) annually 123 Kenya S region*! mp V'll Land 582,646 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Texas; 66% mainly grassland adequate for grazing; 21% forest and wood; 20% arable, 13% suitable for agriculture Land boundaries: 3,368 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 536 km People Population: 20,194,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 4.2% Nationality: noun Kenyan(s); adjective Kenyan Ethnic divisions: 21% Kikuyu, 14% Luhya, 13% Luo, 11% Kalenjin, 11% Kamba, 6% Kisii, 5% Meru, 1% Asian, European, and Arab Religion: 38% Protestant, 28% Catholic, 26% indigenous beliefs, 6% Muslim Language: English and Swahili (official); nu- merous indigenous languages Literacy: 47% Labor force: 5.4 million; about 1.1 million wage earners; 47% public sector, 18% indus- try and commerce, 17% agriculture, 13% services Organized labor: about 390,000 Government Official name: Republic of Kenya * Type: republic within Commonwealth Capital: Nairobi Political subdivisions: 1 provinces plus Nai- robi area Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; constitution en- acted 1963; judicial review in Supreme Court; legal education at Kenya School of Law in Nairobi; accepts compulsory ICJ ju- risdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment in 1982 made Kenya a de jure one-party state National holiday: Jamhuri Day, 12 Decem- ber Branches: President and Cabinet responsible to unicameral legislature (National Assem- bly) of 170 seats, 158 directly elected by constituencies and 1 2 appointed by the Presi- dent; High Court, with Chief Justice and at least 11 justices, has unlimited original juris- diction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceeding; provision for systems of courts of appeal Government leader: Daniel T. arap MOI, President (since 1978) Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: Assembly at least every five years; present National Assembly and President elected September 1983 Political party and leader: Kenya Africa Na- tional Union (KANU), Kenya's sole legal political party; Daniel arap Moi, president Voting strength: KANU holds all seats in the National Assembly Communists: may be a few Communists and sympathizers 124 Other political or pressure groups: labor unions Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $5.5 billion (1983), $295 per capita; real growth rate, 2.1% (1983 est.) Agriculture: main cash crops coffee, sisal, tea, pyrethrum, cotton, livestock; food crops corn, wheat, sugarcane, rice, cassava; largely self-sufficient in food Major industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural process- ing, oil refining, cement, tourism Electric power: 550,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.686 billion kWh produced (1984), 87 kWh per capita Exports: $921.9 million (f.o.b., 1983); re- exporting of petroleum products, coffee, tea, sisal, livestock products, pyrethrum, soda ash, wattle-bark tanning extract Imports: $1,234.3 million (f.o.b., 1983); ma- chinery, transport equipment, crude oil, paper and paper products, iron and steel products, and textiles Major trade partners: EC, Japan, Iran, US, Zambia, Uganda Budget: (1982/83) revenues, $1.2 billion; grants, $24 million, current expenditures, $1.3 billion; net lending, $8 million External public debt: $2.9 billion (1982 est.) debt service payment 23% of exports Monetary conversion rate: 14.964 Kenya shillings=US$l (30 September 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Kiribati (formerly Gilbert Islands) Communications Railroads: 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge Highways: 55,400 km total; 6,800 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria sys- tem is within boundaries of Kenya Pipelines: refined products, 483 km Ports: 1 major (Mombasa) Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft Airfields: 216 total, 196 usable; 14 with per- manent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: in top group of Afri- can systems; consists of radio-relay links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication stations; 216,700 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.); 11 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV stations; Atlantic and Indian Ocean satellite service from 1 sta- tion Defense Forces Branches: Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, 82 Air Force; paramilitary General Service Unit Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,016,000; 2,472,000 fit for military service; no con- scription 1100km t*"* V" North Paciftc Ocean Christmas Gilbert Islands ' Phoenix Islands Sijuth Pacific Ocean See regional mip X . Line Islands Land About 690 km 2 ; slightly smaller than New York City Water Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: about 1,143 km People Population: 62,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: noun Kiribatian(s); adjec- tive Kiribati Ethnic divisions: Micronesian Religion: Roman Catholic, Protestant Language: English (official), Gilbertese Literacy: 90% Labor force: 15,921 (1973); general unem- ployment rate 4.9% Government Official name: Republic of Kiribati Type: republic Capital: Tarawa Branches: unicameral legislature (35-mem- ber House of Assembly); nationally elected President Government leader: leremia T. TABAI, President (since July 1979) Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese Na- tional Party, Christian Democratic Party Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, GATT (de facto), ICAO Economy GDP: $20.4 million (1983 est.), $340 per capita Agriculture: limited; copra, subsistence crops of vegetables, supplemented by domes- tic fishing Industry: formerly phosphate production; supply exhausted by mid-1981 Electric power: 2,700 kW capacity (1984); 8 million kWh produced (1984), 126 kWh per capita Exports: phosphate, formerly 80% of exports, exhausted in 1981; copra accounted for 80% (A$l. 45 million) in 1982 Imports: $15 million (1979); foodstuffs, fuel, transportation equipment Aid: Western (non-US) commitments ODA and OOF (1970-82), $168 million; Australia (1980-83), $8.1 million committed Budget: $15.2 million (1979) Monetary conversion rate: 1.0392 Australian$=US$l (23 February 1983) Communications Railroads: none Highways: 483 km of motorable roads Inland waterways: small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Northern Line Islands Ports: 3 minor 125 Kiribati (continued) Korea, North Civil air: 2 Trislanders; however, no major transport aircraft Airfields: 19 total; 16 usable; 4 with perma- nent-surface runways, 4 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: 1 AM broadcast sta- tion; 1,400 telephones (2.33 per 100 popl.) 125km Yellow See See regional map VIII Land 121,129 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Missis- sippi; 74% forest, scrub, and brush; 17% arable and cultivated; remainder waste and urban Land boundaries: 1,675 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm; mili- tary 50 nm) Coastline: 2,495 km People Population: 20,082,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.3% Nationality: noun Korean(s); adjective Korean Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; reli- gious activities now almost nonexistent Language: Korean Literacy: 95% est. Labor force: 6.1 million (1980); 48% agricul- tural, 52% nonagricultural; shortage of skilled and unskilled labor Government Official name: Democratic People's Repub- lic of Korea 126 Type: Communist state; one-man rule Capital: P'yongyang Political subdivisions: nine provinces, four special cities (P'yongyang, Kaesong, Chong- jin, and Nampo) Legal system: based on German civil law sys- tem with Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1948 and revised 1972; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 9 September Branches: Supreme People's Assembly theo- retically supervises legislative and judicial function; State Administration Council (cabi- net) oversees ministerial operations Government leaders: KIM Il-song, President (since December 1972); KANG Song-san, Premier (since January 1984) Suffrage: universal at age 17 Elections: election to SPA every four years, but this constitutional provision not necessar- ily followed last election February 1982 Political party and leaders: Korean Workers' Party (KWP); Kim Il-song, General Secre- tary, and his son, Kim Chong-il, Secretary Communisms: KWP claims membership of about 2 million, or about 11% of population Member of: FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IPU, ITU, NAM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO; offici?! ob- server status at UN; does not hold UN membership Economy GNP: $19.6 billion (1984), $998 per capita Agriculture: main crops corn, rice, vegeta- bles; food shortages meat, cooking oils; production of foodstuffs adequate for domes- tic needs Korea, South Major industries: machine building, electric power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, tex- tiles, food processing Shortages: complex machinery and quipment, coking coal, coal, petroleum, elec- tric power, transport Crude steel: 4.3 million metric tons produced (1983), 224 kg per capita Electric power: 6,500,000 kW capacity (1984); 35.5 billion kWh produced (1984), 1, 810 kWh per capita Coal: 50 million tons (1984) Exports: $1.40 billion (1983); minerals, met- allurgical products, agricultural products, manufactures Imports: $1.50 billion (1983); petroleum, ma- chinery and equipment, coking coal, grain Major trade partners: total trade turnover $2.9 billion (1983); 54% with Communist countries, 46% with non-Communist countries Aid: economic and military aid from the USSR and China Monetary conversion rate: 2 wons=US$l (December 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 4,535 km total operating in 1980; 3,870 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge, 159 km dou- ble track; about 2,940 km electrified; government owned Highways: about 20,280 km (1980); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5% concrete or bituminous Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly naviga- ble by small craft only Pipelines: crude oil, 37 km Ports: 6 major, 26 minor Defense Forces Branches: North Korean People's Army (con- sists of the army, navy, and air force) Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,641,000; 2,843,000 fit for military service; 225,000 reach military age (18) annually Personnel: army 700,000 (reserves 230,000), navy 33,500 (reserves 40,000), air force 51,000, security forces 38,000, civilian militia 1,760,000 . Major ground units: 9 corps headquarters, 2 armored divisions, 3 motorized infantry divi- sions, 35 infantry divisions, 5 armored brigades, 4 infantry brigades, 1 00,000 special forces, 2 tank regiments, 5 infantry regi- ments, 250 artillery battalions, 80 multiple rocket battalions, 5 FROG battalions, 5 river- crossing regiments Ships: 21 submarines, 4 frigates, 18 missile boats, 32 large patrol craft, 333 fast attack craft, 30 coastal patrol boats, 99 landing craft Aircraft: 70 11-28 bombers, 20 SU-7 fighter/ground attack, 290 MIG-15/-17, 700 MIG- 1 9, 1 60 MIG-2 1 , 250 transports, 60 heli- copters, 190 jet trainers, 4 SAM brigades with 250 SA-2 in 40 sites 140km ndary representation MFY1983/84est.)revenues,$16.6bil- lion; current expenditures, $18.4 billion Monetary conversion rate: 2.1 SA rand=US$l (30 December 1983) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 35,530 km total (includes Na- mibia); 34,824 km 1.067-meter gauge, of which 6,143 km are multiple track; 16,006 km electrified; 706 km 0.610-meter gauge single track Highways: 229,690 km total; 80,796 km paved, 148,894 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth Pipelines:93l km crude oil; 1,748 km refined products; 322 km natural gas Ports: 1 major (Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay, East London, and Mossel Bay) Civil air: 76 major transport aircraft Airfields: 915 total, 831 usable; 106 with per- manent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 199 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: the system is the best developed, most modern, and highest capac- ity in Africa and consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Dur- ban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria; 3.21 million telephones (13.1 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 286 FM, 67 main TV sta- tions with 450 relay transmitters; 1 submarine cable; 1 satellite station with 1 In- dian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical Services Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,732,000; 4,659,000 fit for military service; 279,000 reach military age (18) annually; obligation for service in Citizen Force or Commandos begins at 18; volunteers for service in perma- nent force must be 17; national service obligation is two years; figures do not include Bophuthatswana, Transkei, and Venda Military budget: for year ending 31 March 1985, $3.1 billion; 15.1% of central govern- ment budget Arctic Ocean Baltic S Tha Unitad Sul Govarnmanl hit not rccogn.iad mlo ll> SOVLVI Union Othar boundary rapraaanlation not ntcaltanl, author'talna Set regional mip\ 111 NOTE: The US Government does not recog- nize the incorporation of the Baltic States Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union. Land 22,402,200 km 2 ; nearly two and one-half times the size of the US; 35.5% forest, 16.8% pasture and hay, 10.2% cultivated, 37.5% other Land boundaries: 20,619 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 46,670 km (incl. Sakhalin) People Population: 277,930,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.0% Nationality: noun Soviet(s); adjective So- viet Ethnic divisions: 52% Russian, 16% Ukrai- nian, 32% among over 100 other ethnic groups, according to 1979 census Religion: 18% Russian Orthodox; 9% Muslim; 3% Jewish, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox, or Roman Catholic; population is 70% atheist Language: Russian (official); more than 200 languages and dialects (at least 18 with more than 1 million speakers); 75% Slavic group, 210 8% other Indo-European, 12% Altaic, 3% Uralian, 2% Caucasian Literacy: 99.8% Labor force: civilian 147 million (midyear 1982), 20% agriculture, 80% industry and other nonagricultural fields; unemployed not reported; shortage of skilled labor reported Government Official name: Union of Soviet Socialist Re- publics Type: Communist state Capital: Moscow Political subdivisions: 15 union republics, consisting of 20 autonomous republics, 6 krays, 123 oblasts, 8 autonomous oblasts, and 10 autonomous okrugs Legal system: civil law system as modified by Communist legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1977; no judicial review of legisla- tive acts; legal education at 18 universities and 4 law institutes; has not accepted com- pulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: October Revolution Day, 7 November Branches: executive USSR Council of Min- isters, legislative USSR Supreme Soviet, judicial Supreme Court of USSR Government leaders: Mikhail GOR- BACHEV, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (since 1 1 March 1985) Nikolay Aleksandrovich TIK- HONOV, Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers (since 23 October 1980) Suffrage: universal over age 18; direct, equal Elections: to Supreme Soviet every five years; 1,499 deputies elected in 1984; 71.4% party members Political party: Communist Party of the So- viet Union (CPSU) only party permitted Voting strength: (1984 election) 184,006,350 persons over 18; allegedly 99.95% voted Communists: over 18 million party members Other political or pressure groups: Komsomol, trade unions, and other organiza- tions that facilitate Communist control Member of: CEMA, Geneva Disarmament Conference, IAEA, IBEC, ICAC, ICAO, ICCAT, ICCO, ICES, ILO.'lMO, Interna- tional Lead and Zinc Study Group, INRO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Whaling Commission, IWC International Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU, War- saw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $1,843 billion (1983, in 1983 geometric mean prices), 6,763 per capita; in 1983 per- centage shares were 53% consumption, 34% investment, 13% government and other, including defense (based on 1970 GNP in ru- bles at adjusted factor cost); average annual growth rate of real GNP (1971-83), 3.1%, av- erage annual growth rate (1976-83), 2.2%, (1983)3.6% Agriculture: principal food crops grain (es- pecially wheat), potatoes; main industrial crops sugar beets, cotton, sunflowers, and flax; degree of self-sufficiency depends on fluctuations in crop yields, particularly grain; large grain importer over past decade Fishing: catch 9.9 million metric tons (1983); exports 453,384 metric tons (1983), imports 320,132 metric tons (1983); exports exclude canned fish, canned crab, and caviar Major industries: diversified, highly devel- oped capital goods industries; consumer goods industries comparatively less devel- oped Shortages: fertilizer, feed, natural rubber, bauxite and alumina, tantalum, tin, tungsten, fluorspar, molybdenum, and finished steel products Crude steel: 172 million metric ton capacity as of 1 January 1984; 152.5 million metric tons produced in 1983, 562 kg per capita Electric power: 306,000,000 kW capacity (1984); 1,465 billion kWh produced (1984), 5,305 kWh per capita Exports: $91.652 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro- leum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a wide variety of manufactured goods (primar- ily capital goods) Imports: $80,440 billion (f.o.b., 1983); grain and other agricultural products, machinery and equipment, steel products (including large diameter pipe), consumer manufac- tures Major trade partners: $172.1 billion (1983 total turnover); trade 56% with Communist countries, 30% with industrialized West, and 14% with less developed countries Aid: economic total extended to non-Com- munist less developed countries (1954-81), $22 billion Official monetary conversion rate: 0.743 rubles=US$l (1983 average) Communications Railroads: 143,600 km total; 141,467 km 1.524-meter broad gauge; 1,833 km mostly 0.750-meter narrow gauge; 1 12,915 km broad gauge single track; 46,800 km electri- fied; does not include industrial lines (1983) Highways: 1,479,300 km total; 421,000 km asphalt, concrete, stone block; 352,000 km as- phalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 706,300 km earth (1983) Inland waterways: 137,900 km navigable, exclusive of Caspian Sea (1983) Freight carried: rail 3,851 million metric tons, 3.6 billion metric ton/km (1983); high- ways 26.4 billion metric tons, 486 billion metric ton/km (1983); waterway 606.7 million metric tons, 273.2 billion metric ton/km, excluding Caspian Sea (1983) 211 Soviet Union (continued) Spain Pipelines: 75,000 km crude oil and refined products; 155,000 km natural gas (1983) Ports: 53 major (most important Lenin- grad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja, Ventspils, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, Odessa, Novorossiysk, Il'ichevsk, Nikolayev, Sevasto- pol, Vladivostok, Nakhodka); over 180 selected minor; 58 major inland ports (some of the more important Astrakhan, Baku, Gorkiy, Kazan, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, Kiev (1982) Defense Forces Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Defense Forces, Air Forces, Strategic Rocket Forces Military manpower: males 15-49, 6.5,461,000; 55,070,000 fit for military ser- vice; 2,058,000 reach military age (17) annually Bay of Biscay Islands Mediterranean Sea Canary Islands. Ceuta. and Melilla are not shown See re|ioiul mip V ind VII Land 504,782 km 2 , including Canary (7,51 1 km 2 ) and Balearic Islands (5,025 km 2 ); the size of Arizona and Utah combined; 41% arable and crop, 27% meadow and pasture, 22% forest, 10% urban or other Land boundaries: 1,899 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 4,964 km (includes Balearic Is- lands, 677 km, and Canary Islands, 1 , 1 58 km) People Population: 38,629,000 (July 1985), includ- ing the Balearic and Canary Islands and Ceuta and Melilla (two towns on the Moroc- can coast); average annual growth rate 0.5% Nationality: noun Spaniard(s); adjective Spanish Ethnic divisions: composite of Mediterra- nean and Nordic types Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects Language: Castilian Spanish; second lan- guages include 17% Catalan, 7% Galician, and 2% Basque Literacy: 97% Labor force: 13.2 million (1984); 43% ser- vices, 24% industry, 16% agriculture, 9% construction; unemployment now estimated at nearly 20.5% of labor force (September 1984) Organized labor: labor unions legalized April 1977; represent no more than a quarter of the labor force (1983) Government Official name: Spanish State Type: parliamentary monarchy defined by new constitution of December 1978, that completed transition from authoritarian re- gime of the late Generalissimo Franco and confirmed Juan Carlos I as monarch, but without the exceptional powers inherited from Franco on being proclaimed King 22 November 1975 Capital: Madrid Political subdivisions: metropolitan Spain, including the Canaries and Balearics, di- vided into 50 provinces, which form 17 autonomous regions assuming numerous powers previously exercised by the central government; also five places of sovereignty (presidios) on the Mediterranean coast of Mo- rocco; transferred administration of Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania on 26 February 1976 Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications; new constitution provides for rule of law, established jury system as well as independent constitutional court to rule on unconstitutionally of laws and to serve as court of last resort in protecting liberties and rights granted in constitution; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 24 June Branches: executive, with King's acts subject to countersignature, Prime Minister (Presidente) and his ministers responsible to lower house; bicameral legislature Cortes Generates, consisting of more powerful Con- gress of Deputies (350 members) and Senate (208 members), with possible addition of one to six members from each new autonomous region; judiciary, independent 212 Government leaders: JUAN CARLOS I, King (since November 1975); Felipe GON- ZALEZ Marquez, Prime Minister (Presidente; since December 1982) Suffrage: universal at age 18 Elections: parliamentary election 28 Octo- ber 1982 for four-year term; local elections for municipal councils April 1983; regional elections staggered Political parties and leaders: principal na- tional parties, from right to left Popular Alliance (AP), Manuel Fraga Iribarne; Popu- lar Democratic Party (PDP), Oscar Alzaga; Liberal Union (UL), Jose Antonio Segurado; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Adolfo Suarez; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe Gonzalez Marquez; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Gerardo Iglesias; chief regional parties Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi Pujol, in Catalonia; Re- publican Left of Catalonia (ERG), Herribert Barrera; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Ro- man Sudure; Basque radical coalitions Popular Unity (HB) and Basque Left (EE); Andalusian Party (PA), Luis Urunuela; Dem- ocratic Reform Party (PRD), Antonio Garrigues Walker Voting strength: (1982 parliamentary elec- tion in lower house) PSOE 46%, and 202 seats (26 seats over a majority); AP, PDP, and UL in coalition 25.4%, 106 seats; UCD 7.31%, 12 seats; PCE 3.9%, 4 seats; CiU 3.7%, 12 seats; CDS 2.9%, 2 seats; PNV 1.9%, 8 seats; HB1%, 2 seats; EE .47%, 1 seat; ERC .47%, 1 seat; PA .33% seats Communists: PCE membership has de- clined from a possible high of 160,000in 1977 to roughly 60,000 today; the party lost 64% of itsvotersand 20deputiesin the 1982 election; remaining strength is in labor where it domi- nates the Workers Commissions trade union (one of the country's two major labor cen- trals), which claims a membership of about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1983 municipal election, receiving 8% of the vote Other political or pressure groups: on the ex- treme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; free la- bor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers Com- missions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT), and the smaller in- dependent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic Church; busine'ss and landown- ing interests; Opus Dei; university students Member of: Andean Pact (observer), ASSIMER, Council of Europe, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, 1DB Inter-American Develop- ment Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO; applied for full membership in the EC 28 July 1977 Economy GNP: $156.4 billion (1983); 70% private con- sumption, 12% government consumption, 19% gross fixed capital investment; 1% net exports; real growth rate 2.3% (1983) Agriculture: main crops grains, vegetables, fruits; virtually self-sufficient in good crop years Fishing: catch, 1,248,882 metric tons (1982) Major industries: textiles and apparel (in- cluding footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles Crude steel: 12.7 million metric tons pro- duced (1983), 332 kg per capita Electric power: 37,815,000 kW capacity (1984); 1 19.887 billion kWh produced (1984), 3,120 kWh per capita Exports: $19.76 billion (f.o.b., 1983); princi- pal items iron and steel products, machinery, automobiles, fruits and vegeta- bles, textiles, footwear Imports: $29.2 billion (c.i.f., 1983); principal items fuels (40%), machinery, chemicals, iron and steel, vegetables, automobiles Major trade partners .-(1983) 48% EC, 7% US, 8% other developed countries, 3% Commu- nist countries, 33% less developed countries Aid: economic commitments US authori- zations, $1.9 billion, including Ex-Im (FY70- 83); other Western bilateral (ODA and OOF), $545.0 million (1970-79); military authoriza- tionsUS (FY70-83), $1.6 billion Budget: (1983 central government) revenues, $26 billion; expenditures, $34 billion; deficit, $8 billion Monetary conversion rate: 169.96 pesetas=US $1 (October 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 16,282 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 13,543 km 1.668-meter gauge, 6,156km electrified, and 2,295 km double track; FEVE (government- owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km, of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate 91 8 km, of predomi- nantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double track Highways: 149,352 km total; 82,070 km na- tional 2,433 km limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate bituminous, con- crete, or stone block; the remaining 67,282 km are provincial or local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block) Inland waterways: 1,045 km; of minor im- portance as transport arteries and contribute little to economy Pipelines: 265 km crude oil; 1,719 km refined products; 1,130 km natural gas Ports: 23 major, 175 minor Civil air: 142 major transport aircraft 213 Spain (continued) Sri Lanka Airfields: (including Balearic and Canary Is- lands) 117 total, 113 usable; 61 with permanent-surface runways; -4 with runways over 3,659 m, 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 33 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: generally adequate, modern facilities; 13.3 million telephones (35.0 per 100 popl.); 175 AM, 293 FM, 1,405 TV stations; 20 coaxial submarine cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 5 antennas Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,310,000; 7,565,000 fit for military service; 344,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $3.5 billion; 10.2% of the central government budget 100km Ste rrgiom! map VIII Indian Ocean Land 65,610 km 2 ; about one-half the size of North Carolina; 44% forest; 31% waste, urban, or other; 25% cultivated Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm; also pearling in the Gulf of Mannar) Coastline: 1,340km People Population: 16,206,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.8% Nationality: noun Sri Lankan(s); adjec- tive Sri Lankan Ethnic divisions: 74% Sinhalese; 18% Tamil; 7% Moor; 1% Burgher, Malay, and Vedcloh Religion: 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8% Christian, 8% Muslim, 0.1% other Language: Sinhala (official); Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala spoken by about 74% of population; Tamil spoken by about 18%; English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population Literacy: 87% Labor force: 4 million; 15% unemployed; employed persons 45.9% agriculture, 13.3% mining and manufacturing, 12.4% trade and transport, 26.3% services and other; extensive underemployment Organized labor: about 33% of labor force, over 50% of which employed on tea, rubber, and coconut estates Government Official name: Democratic Socialist Repub- lic of Sri Lanka Type: independent state since 1948 Capital: Colombo Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 24 ad- ministrative districts, and four categories of semiautonomous elected local governments Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Mus- lim, and customary law; new constitution 7 September 1978 reinstituted a strong, inde- pendent judiciary; legal education at Sri Lanka Law College and University of Co- lombo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 22 May Branches: the 1978 constitution established a strong presidential form of government un- der J. R. Jayewardene, who had been Prime Minister since his party's election victory in July 1977; Jayewardene was elected to a sec- ond term in October 1982 and will serve until 1989 regardless of whether Parliament is dis- solved; the current Parliament was extended until August 1989 by a national referendum held in December 1982 Government leader: Junius Richard JAYEWARDENE, President (since 1978) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: national elections ordinarily held every six years; must be held more frequently if government loses confidence vote; the con- stitution was amended in August 1982 to permit the President to call early presidential election 214 Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka Free- dom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike; Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP; Trotskyite), C. R. de Silva; Nava Sama Samaja Party (NSSP), V. Nanayakkara; Tamil United Liberation Front, A. Amirthalingam; United National Party (UNP), J. R. Jayewardene; Communist Party/Moscow, K. P. Silva; Communist Party/Peking, N. Shanmugathasan; Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front), M. B. Ratnayaka; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP; People's Liberation Front), Rohana Wijeweera; All-Ceylon Tamil Con- gress, Kumar Ponnambalam Voting strength: (October 1982 presidential election) UNP 52.91%, SLFP 39.07%, JVP 4.18%, All Ceylon Tamil Congress 2.67%, LSSP .9%, NSSP .27% Communists: approximately 107,000 voted for the Communist Party in the July 1977 general election; Communist Party/Moscow approximately 5,000 members (1975), Com- munist Party/Peking 1,000 members (1970 est.) Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy, Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; far- left violent revolutionary groups; labor unions; Tamil separatist groups Member of: ADB, ANRPC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; is applying for membership in ASEAN Economy GDP: $4.9 billion (1983), $31 6 per capita; real growth rate 4.9% (1983) Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about 25% of GDP; main crops rice, rubber, tea, coconuts Fishing: catch 21 1,000 metric tons(1982 est.) Major industries: processing of rubber, tea, and other agricultural commodities; con- sumer goods manufacture; garment industry Electric power: 642,000 kW capacity (1984); 2.1 billion kWh produced (1984), 132 kWh per capita Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1983); tea, rub- ber, petroleum products, textiles Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1983); petroleum, machinery, transport equipment, sugar Major trade partners: (1982) exports 14% US, 6% UK; imports 15% Saudi Arabia, 14% Japan Budget: (1983) revenues, $1.0 billion; expen- ditures, $1.7 billion Monetary conversion rate: 25.990 rupees=US$l (October 1984) Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December Communications Railroads: 1,496 km total (1980); all 1.435- meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no electrification; government owned Highways: 66,176 km total (1979); 24,300 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 28,916 km crushed stone or gravel, 12,960 km im- proved earth or unimproved earth; in addition, several thousand km of tracks, mostly unmotorable Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft Pipelines: crude, 14 km; refined products, 55 km Ports: 3 major, 9 minor Civil air: 8 major transport (including 1 leased) Airfields: 14 total, 10 usable; 10 with perma- nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good international service; 75,000 (est.) telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 16 AM, 2 FM stations; 1 TV station; submarine cables extend to India; 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Police Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,301,000; 3,378,000 fit for military service; 188,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $117.6 million, 5% of cen- tral government estimated budget 215 Sud an See regional mip VII Land 2,505,813 km 2 ; over one-fourth the size of the US; 37% arable (3% cultivated); 33% desert, waste, or urban; 15% grazing; 15% forest Land boundaries: 7,805 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone") Coastline: 853 km People Population: 21,761,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun Sudanese (sing, and pi.); adject i ve Sudanese Ethnic divisions: 52% black, 39% Arab, 6% Beja, 2% foreigners, 1 % other Religion: 70% Sunni Muslim in north, 20% indigenous beliefs, 5% Christian (mostly in south) Language: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo- Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in process Literacy: 20% Labor force: 8.6 million (1979); roughly 78% agriculture, 12% services, 10% industry; la- bor shortages for almost all categories of employment coexist with urban unemploy- ment Government Official name: Democratic Republic of the Sudan Type: republic under military control since coup in May 1969 Capital: Khartoum Political subdivisions: 8 regions Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; in September 1983 Presi- dent Nimeiri declared the penal code would conform to Islamic law; some separate reli- gious courts; permanent constitution promulgated April 1973; legal education at University of Khartoum and extension of Cairo University at Khartoum; accepts com- pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan- uary Branches: President and Cabinet; unicam- eral legislature (151-member National People's Assembly); regional assemblies Government leader: General Abdel Rahman SUWAR EL DAHAB, Chairman, Transi- tional Military Council (since 9 April 1985) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: presidential referendum last held in 1983 Political parties and leaders: all political par- ties outlawed since May 1969 Other political or pressure groups: Muslim Brotherhood has participated actively in gov- ernment since 1977; Ansar Muslim sect and National Unionist Party do not participate directly in government Member of: AfDB, APC, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO 216 Economy GDP: $7.31 billion at current prices (FY84), $346 per capita at current prices (FY83) Agriculture: main crops sorghum, millet, wheat, sesame, peanuts, beans, barley; not self-sufficient in food production; main cash crops cotton, gum arabic, peanuts, sesame Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles, brewery, cement, edible oils, soap, distilling, shoes, Pharmaceuticals Electric power: 450,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.419 billion kWh produced (1984), 67 kWh per capita Exports: $790 million (f .o.b., FY84 proj.); cot- ton (31%), gum arabic, peanuts, sesame; $40 million exports to Communist countries (FY82) Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., FY84 proj.); tex- tiles, petroleum products, foodstuffs, transport equipment, manufactured goods Major trade partners: UK, FRG, Italy, US, Saudi Arabia, France, Egypt, Japan Budget: (FY84) public revenue $1.24 billion, total expenditures $2.9 billion, including development expenditure of $498 million Monetary conversion rate: 1.32 Sudanese pounds=US$l (October 1984) official; 2.60 Sudanese pounds=US$l free market (Octo- ber 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: 5,516 km total; 4,800 km 1.067- meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter gauge plantation line Highways: 20,000 km total; 2,000 km bitumi- nous treated, 4,000 km gravel, 2,304 km improved earth; remainder unimproved earth and track Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable Pipelines: refined products, 815 km Ports: 1 major (Port Sudan) Suriname Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft Airfields: 89 total, 79 usable; 9 with perma- nent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: large system by Afri- can standards, but barely adequate; consists of radio relay, cables, radio communications, and troposcatter; domestic satellite system with 14 stations; 68,500 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, no FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De- fense Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,006,000; 3,059,000 fit for military service; 229,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 14 September 1985, $211.5 million; 10% of cen- tral government budget North Atlantic Ocean -*=~ PARAMARIBC See regional map IV Land 163,265 km 2 ; slightly larger than Georgia; negligible arable land, meadow and pasture; 76% forest; 16% built on, waste, or other; 8% unused but potentially productive Land boundaries: 1,561 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 386 km People Population: 377,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 1.8% Nationality: noun Surinamer(s); adjec- tive Surinamese Ethnic divisions: 37% Hindustani (East In- dian), 31% Creole (black and mixed), 15.3% Javanese, 10.3% Bush Negro, 2.6% Amerin- dian, 1.7% Chinese, 1.0% Europeans, 1.7% other Religion: Hindu, Muslim, Roman Catholic, Moravian, other Language: Dutch (official); English widely spoken; Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, some- times called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others; Hindi; Ja- Literacy: 65% Labor force: 100,000; unemployment 20% (1983) Organized labor: approx. 33% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Suriname Type: military-civilian rule Capital: Paramaribo Political subdivisions: 9 districts, each headed by District Commissioner responsi- ble to Minister of Internal Affairs, Local Administration, and Justice; 100 People's Committees" installed at local level Legal system: suspended constitution; judi- cial system functions in ordinary civil and criminal cases National holiday: Independence Day, 25 November Branches: civilian government controlled by the military Government leaders: Lt. Col. Desire BOUTERSE, Army Commander and strongman (since February 1980); Lachmipersad Frederick RAMDAT- MISIER, Acting President (figurehead; since February 1982); Willem Alfred UDEN- HOUT, Prime Minister (since February 1984) Suffrage: suspended Elections: none planned Political parties and leaders: 25 February National Unity Movement (November 1983) established by Bouterse; regular party activ- ity officially suspended, although some continue low-level functioning; leftists (all small groups) Revolutionary People s Party (RVP), Michael Naarendorp; Progressive Workers and Farmers (PALU), Iwan Krolis 217 Suriname (continued) Swaziland Member of: ECLA, FAO, GATT, G-77, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB Inter-American Devel- opment Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GDP: $1.298 billion (1983); $3,250 per capita (1983); real growth rate -3.3% (1983) Agriculture: main crops rice, sugarcane, bananas Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing Electric power: 400,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.4 billion kWh produced (1984), 3,784 kWh per capita Exports: $429 million (f.o.b., 1982); alumina, bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood products Imports: $457 million (c.i.f., 1983); capital equipment, petroleum, iron and steel, cotton, flour, meat, dairy products Major trade partners: exports 41% US, 33% EC, 12% other European countries; im- ports 33% EC, 31% US, 16% Caribbean countries (1977) Aid: economic bilateral commitments, in- cluding Ex-Im US (FY70-83), $2.5 million, Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-82), $1.4 billion; no military aid Budget: revenues, $289 million; expendi- tures, $441 million (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 1.76 Suriname guilders=US$l (November 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80km 1.435- meter standard gauge; all single track Highways: 8,800 km total; 1,000 km paved, 5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth Inland waterways: 1,200 km; most impor- tant means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts ranging from 4.2 m to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways while native canoes navigate upper reaches Ports: 1 major (Paramaribo), 6 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 39 total, 38 usable; 4 with perma- nent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: international facili- ties good; domestic radio-relay system; 27,500 telephones (6.3 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 10 FM, 6 TV stations; 2 Atlantic satellite sta- tions Defense Forces Branches: National Army (including Infan- try Battalion, Military Police Brigade Navy [company-size], Air Force) Military manpower: males 15-49, 71,000; 43,000 fit for military service Military budget: 1983, $41.8 million; 8.2% of central government budget Set rcfioml mip VII Land 17,363 km 2 ; slightly smaller than New Jersey; mostly crop or pasture Land boundaries: 435 km People Population: 671,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 3.0% Nationality: noun Swazi(s); adjective Swazi Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% European, 1% mulatto Religion: 57% Christian, 43% indigenous be- liefs Language: English and siSwati (official); gov- ernment business conducted in English Literacy: 65% Labor force: 195,000; over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; 55,000-60,000 wage earners, many only intermittently, with 36% agriculture and forestry, 20% community and social services, 14% manufacturing, 9% construction, 21% other; 12,000 employed in South Africa (1982) Organized labor: about 15% of wage earners are unionized Government Official name: Kingdom of Swaziland 218 Type: monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth since September 1968 Capital: Mbabane (administrative) Political subdivisions: 4 administrative dis- tricts Legal system: based on South African Ro- man-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; legal education at University of Botswana and Swaziland; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September Branches: constitution was repealed and Par- liament dissolved by King Sobhuza II (deceased August 1982) in April 1973; new bicameral Parliament (Senate, House of As- sembly) formally opened in January 1979; 80-member electoral college chose 40 mem- bers of lower house and 10 members of upper house; additional 10 members for each house chosen by King; executive authority vested in the King or Queen (with the advice of the Supreme Council of State), whose assent is required before parliamentary acts become law; King's authority exercised through Prime Minister and Cabinet who must be members of Parliament; judiciary is part of Ministry of Justice but otherwise indepen- dent of executive and legislative branches; cases from subordinate courts can be ap- pealed to the High Court and the Court of Appeal Government leaders: Head of State, Ntombi THWALA, Queen Regent (since September 1983); Prince Bhekimpi DLAMINI, Prime Minister (since March 1983) Suffrage: universal for adults Communists: no Communist party Member of: AfDB, FAQ, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO Economy GDP: approximately $580 million (1983), about $900 per capita; annual real growth 1.7% (1979-82) Agriculture: main crops maize, cotton, rice, sugar, and citrus fruits Major industry: mining Electric power: 1 15,000 kW capacity (1984); 150 million kWh produced (1984), 230 kWh per capita Exports: $330 million (f.o.b., 1983); sugar, as- bestos, wood and forest products, citrus, and canned fruit Imports: $464 million (f.o.b., 1983); motor vehicles, chemicals, petroleum products, and foodstuffs Major trade partners: South Africa, UK, US; member of South African Customs Union Aid: economic commitments Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970- 82), $280 million; US (FY70-83), $73 million Budget: 1983/84 (est.) revenues, $170 mil- lion; current expenditures, $120 million Monetary conversion rate: the Swazi lilangeni exchanges at par with the South Af- rican rand; 2.1 emalangeni=US$l (30 December 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: 515 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil, and 1,113 km improved earth Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft Airfields: 27 total, 27 usable; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system consists of car- rier-equipped open-wire lines and low capacity radio-relay links; 15,400 telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 8 FM, 1 1 TV sta- tions; Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Swaziland Umbutfo Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 146,000; 84,000 fit for military service 219 Sweden Gotebo See regional map V STOCKHOLM Baltic Sea Land 449,964 km 2 ; larger than California; 55% for- est, 1% arable, 2% meadow and pasture, 36% other Land boundaries: 2,196 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 3,218 km People Population: 8,338,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0% Nationality: noun Swede(s); adjective Swedish Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white popu- lation; small Lappish minority; est. 12% foreign born or first generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks) Religion: 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0% Roman Catholic, 5.5% other Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finn- ish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak native languages Literacy: 99% Labor force: 4.35 million; 31% private ser- vices; 30.6% government services; 21.9% mining and manufacturing; 7.2% construc- tion; 5.2% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 0.9% electricity, gas, and waterworks; 3.5% unemployed (1983 average) Organized labor: 80% of labor force Government Official name: Kingdom of Sweden Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Stockholm Political subdivisions: 24 counties, 278 municipalities (townships) Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; a new constitution was adopted in 1975 replacing the Acts of 1809, 1866, and 1949; legal education at Universi- ties of Lund, Stockholm, and Uppsala; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: no national holiday; King's birthday, 30 April, celebrated as such by Swedish embassies Branches: legislative authority rests with uni- cameral parliament (Riksdag); executive power vested in Cabinet, responsible to par- liament; Supreme Court, 6 superior courts, 108 lower courts Government leaders: CARL XVI Gustaf, King (since September 1973); Olof PALME, Prime Minister (since September 1982) Suffrage: universal but not compulsory over age 18; after three years of legal residence immigrants may vote in county and munici- pal but not national elections Elections: every three years (next in Septem- ber 1985) Political parties and leaders: Moderate coali- tion (conservative), Ulf Adelsohn; Center, Thorbjorn Falldin; People's Party (Liberal), Bengt Westerberg; Social Democratic, Olof Palme; Left Party-Communist (VPK), Lars Werner; Swedish Communist Party (SKP), Roland Pettersson; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf Hagel Voting strength: (1982 election) 45.9% Social Democratic, 23.6% Moderate Coalition, 15.5% Center, 5.9% Liberal, 5.6% Commu- nist, 3.8% other Communists: VPK and SKP; VPK, the major Communist party, is reported to have roughly 17,800 members; in the 1982 elec- tion, the VPK attracted 308,899 votes; in addition, there are 4 other active Communist parties, for which membership figures are not available; in the 1982 elections, these par- ties obtained an additional 6,500 votes Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC International Whal- ing Commission, IWC International Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GDP: $86.9 billion, $10,434 per capita (1983); 53.3% private consumption, 12.7% private investment, 29.7% government con- sumption; 6.0% public investment; 1.0% change in stock building; 0.9% net exports of goods and services; 1983 growth rate, 2.3% Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi- nates, with milk and dairy products accounting for 37% of farm income; main crops grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100% self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-sufficient in sugar beets Fishing: catch 259,000 metric tons (1982), ex- ports $76 million, imports $199.1 million Major industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles 220 Switzerland Shortages: coal, petroleum, textile fibers, potash, salt, oils and fats, tropical products Crude steel: 3.9 million metric tons produced (1982), 468 kg per capita Electric power: 36,841,000 kW capacity (1984); 112.885 billion kWh produced (1984), 13,544 kWh per capita Exports: $26.28 billion (f.o.b., 1983); machin- ery, motor vehicles, wood pulp, paper products, iron and steel products, metal ores and scrap, chemicals Imports: $25.022 billion (c.i.f., 1983); ma- chinery, motor vehicles, petroleum and petroleum products, textile yarn and fabrics, iron and steel, chemicals, food, live animals Major trade partners: EC 46. 1%, other de- veloped 33.9%, non-OPEC less developed countries 7.7%, OPEC 7.2%, CEMA 3.0% (1982) Aid: donor economic aid commitments (ODA and OOF) (1970-82), $4.8 billion Budget: (1984/85) revenues $28.0 billion, ex- penditures $38.1 billion, deficit $10.1 billion Monetary conversion rate: 8.7 kronor=US$l (1 November 1983) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: 12,518 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ) 11,179 km 1.435-meter stan- dard gauge, 6,959 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately owned railways 511 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 332 km electrified; 371 km 0.891- meter gauge electrified Highways: classified network, 97,400 km, of which 51,899 km paved; 20,659 km gravel; 24,842 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges Ports: 17 major and 30 minor Civil air: 65 major transports Airfields: 262 total, 258 usable; 136 with per- manent-surface runways; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 89 with runways 1,220-. 2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international facilities; 7.13 million tele- phones (85.5 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 343 FM, 814 TV stations; 9 submarine coaxial cables, 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations Defense Forces Branches: Royal Swedish Army, Royal Swed- ish Air Force, Royal Swedish Navy Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,086,000; 1,848,000 fit for military service; 62,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1985, $2.7 billion proposed; about 7.4% of proposed central government budget 80l>m See reg lontl map V Land 41,228 km 2 ; the size of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island combined; 43% meadow and pasture, 24% forest, 20% waste or urban, 3% inland water Land boundaries: 1,884 km People Population: 6,512,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.2% Nationality: noun Swiss (sing. & pi.); adjec- tive Swiss Ethnic divisions: total population 65% German, 18% French, 10% Italian, 1% Ro- mansch, 5% other; Swiss nationals 74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Ro- mansch, 1% other Religion: 49% Catholic, 48% Protestant, 0.3% Jewish Language: total population 65% German, 18% French, 12% Italian, 1% Romansch, 4% other; Swiss nationals 74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other Literacy: 99% Labor force: 3.05 million, about 706,000 for- eign workers, mostly Italian; 42% services, 39% industry and crafts, 11% government, 7% agriculture and forestry, 1% other; ap- proximately 0.8% unemployed in October 1983 221 Switzerland (continued) Organized labor: 20% of labor force Government Official name: Swiss Confederation Type: federal republic Capital: Bern Political subdivisions: 23 cantons (3 divided into half cantons) Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; constitution adopted 1874, amended since; judicial review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory character; legal education at Universities of Bern, Geneva, and Lau- sanne and four other university schools of law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: National Day, 1 August Branches: bicameral parliament (National Council, Council of States) has legislative au- thority; federal council (Bundesrat) has executive authority; justice left chiefly to cantons Government leader: Kurt FURGLER, Presi- dent (1985; presidency rotates annually) Suffrage: universal over age 20 Elections: held every four years; next elec- tions 1987 Political parties and leaders: Social Demo- cratic Party (SPS), Helmuth Hubacher, president; Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Yann Richter, president; Christian Demo- cratic People's Party (CVP), Hans Wyer, president; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Fritz Hofmann, chairman; Labor Party (PdA), Armand Magnin, chairman; National Action Party (NA), Hans Zwicky, chairman; Independents' Party (LdU), Walter Biel, president; Republican Movement (Rep); Lib- eral Party (LPS) Rud Thi Sazrasin, president; Evangelical People's Party (EVP), Paul Gysel, president; Maoist Party (POSH/PSA); Green Party (GP); Autonomous Socialist Party (PSA), Werner Carobbio, secretary; Progressive Swiss Organization (POS), George Degen, secretary Voting strength: (1983 election) 23.4% FDP, 22.8% SPS, 20.5% CVP, 11.1% SVP, 3.5% NA, 2.9% GP, 16.1% others Communists: about 5,000 members Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ELDO (observer), ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, OECD, UNESCO, UPU, World Confederation of Labor, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO; permanent ob- server status at the UN; does not hold UN membership Economy GNP: $100.2 billion (1983), $15,390 per cap- ita; 60% consumption, 22% investment, 0.13% government, 1% net foreign bal- ance; real growth rate 0% (1983) Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient; food short- ages fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat Major industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments Shortages: practically all important raw ma- terials except hydroelectric energy Electric power: 16,690,000 kW capacity (1984); 56.203 billion kWh produced (1984), 8,650 kWh per capita Exports: $25.6 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal items machinery and equipment, chemi- cals, precision instruments, metal products, textiles, foodstuffs Imports: $28.6 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal items machinery and transportation equip- ment, metals and metal products, foodstuffs, chemicals, textile fibers and yarns Major trade partners: 57% EC, 22% other developed, 4% Communist, 15% less devel- oped countries Aid: donor bilateral economic aid commit- ted, ODA and OOF (1970-82), $1.1 billion Budget: receipts, $8.45 billion; expenditures, $9.0 billion; deficit, $0.55 billion (1983) Monetary conversion rate: 2.44 francs=US$l (third quarter 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 5,157 km total; 2,952 km govern- ment owned (SBB), 2,879 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 73 km 1.000-meter narrow gauge; 1,432 km double track, 99% electri- fied; 2,203 km nongovernment owned, 710 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1,418 km 1.000- meter gauge, 75 km 0.790-meter gauge, 100% electrified Highways: 62,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km are national highways (740 km autobahn); 42,468 km are communal roads Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,046 km natural gas Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine River Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Constanz; in addition, there are 12 navigable lakes Ports: 1 major (Basel), 2 minor (all inland) Civil air: 89 major transport aircraft Airfields: 75 total, 72 usable; 42 with perma- nent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 4.98 million telephones (77.0 per 100 popl.); 7AM, 209 FM, 1,203 TV stations; 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas 222 Syria Defense Forces Branches: Army, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,707,000; 1,475,000 fit for military service; 50,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $1.9 billion; 20.1% of proposed central government budget See region*! map VI Land 185,180 km 2 (including 1,295 km 2 of Israeli- occupied territory); the size of North Dakota; 48% arable, 29% grazing, 21% desert, 2% for- est Land boundaries: 2, 1 96 km (1967) (excluding occupied area 2,156 km) Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 35 nm Coastline: 193 km People Population: 10,535,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3. 7% Nationality: noun Syrian(s); adjective Syrian Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds, Armenians, and other Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects; 10% Chris- tian (various sects) Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Arme- nian, Aramaic, Circassian; French and English widely understood Literacy: about 50% Labor force: 2.3 million; 37% miscellaneous services, 32% agriculture, 31% industry (including construction); majority unskilled; shortage of skilled labor Organized labor: 5% of labor force Government Official name: Syrian Arab Republic Type: republic; under leftwing military re- gime since March 1963 Capital: Damascus Political subdivisions: 13 provinces and city of Damascus administered as separate unit Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; constitu- tion promulgated in 1973; legal education at Damascus University and University of Aleppo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ ju- risdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 17 April Branches: executive powers vested in Presi- dent and Council of Ministers; power rests in unicameral legislative (People's Council); seat of power is the Ba'th Party Regional (Syr- ian) Command Government leader: Lt. Gen. Hafiz al- ASSAD, President (since February 1971) Suffrage: universal at age 18 Elections: People's Council election Novem- ber 1983; presidential election February 1985 Political parties and leaders: ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party; the Progressive National Front is dom- inated by Ba'thists but includes independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Arab Socialist Union (ASU), So- cialist Unionist Movement, and Syrian Communist Party (SCP) Communists: mostly sympathizers, number- ing about 5,000 223 Syria (continued) Tanzania Other political or pressure groups: non-Ba'th parties have little effective political influ- ence; Communist Party ineffective; greatest threat to Assad regime lies in factionalism in the military; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB Islamic Develop- ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GDP: $19.7 billion (1983), $1,964 per capita; real GDP growth rate 3% (1983) Agriculture: main crops cotton, wheat, barley, tobacco; sheep and goat raising; self- sufficient in most foods in years of good weather Major industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco; petroleum 163,000b/d production (1982), 220,000 b/d refining ca- pacity Electric power: 2,257,000 kW capacity (1984); 5.93 billion kWh produced (1984), 588 kWh per capita Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petroleum, textiles and textile products, tobacco, fruits and vegetables, cotton Imports: $7.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro- leum, machinery and metal products, textiles, fuels, foodstuffs Major trade partners: exports Italy, Roma- nia, US, USSR; imports Iran, FRG, Italy, Saudi Arabia Budget: 1983 revenues $5.4 billion (exclud- ing Arab aid payments); expenditures $8.6 billion Monetary conversion rate: 3.925 Syrian pounds=US$l (official rate, February 1984); two other officially sanctioned rates the "parallel" and "tourist" rates are determined by the government guided by supply and de- mand Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 1,543 km total; 1,281 km standard gauge, 262 km 1.050-meter narrow gauge Highways: 16,939 km total; 12,051 km paved, 2,625 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,263 km improved earth Inland waterways: 672 km; of little impor- tance Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 5 15 km refined products Ports: 3 major (Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas), 2 Civil air: 1 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 77 total, 71 usable; 27 with perma- nent-surface runways; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system currently undergoing significant improvement; 472,000 telephones (4. 7 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM, 40 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satel- lite station; 1 Intersputnik satellite station under construction; 1 submarine cable; coax- ial cable and radio-relay to Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, and Lebanon (inactive) Defense Forces Branches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Navy Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,316,000; 1,298,000 fit for military service; about 109,000 reach military age (19) annually Land 942,623 km 2 (including islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, 2,642 km z ); more than twice the size of California; forest 45%, meadow and pasture 37%, inland water 6%, arable 4%, crop 1%, other 7% Land boundaries: 3,883 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm Coastline: 1,424 km (this includes 113 km Mafia Island, 177 km Pemba Island, and 212 km Zanzibar) People Population: 21,733,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun Tanzanian(s); adjec- tive Tanzanian Ethnic divisions: mainland 99% native Af- rican consisting of well over 100 tribes; 1% Asian, European, and Arab; Zanzibar almost all Arab Religion: mainland 33% Christian, 33% Muslim, 33% indigenous beliefs; Zanzibar almost all Muslim Language: Swahili and English (official); En- glish primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education; Swa- hili widely understood and generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first 224 language of most people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in Swahili Literacy: 79% Labor force: 208,680 in paid employment (1983); 90% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce Organized labor: 15% of labor force Government Official name: United Republic of Tanzania Type: republic; single party constitutionally supreme on the mainland and on Zanzibar Capital: Dar es Salaam Political subdivisions: 25 regions 20 on mainland, 5 on Zanzibar Legal system: based on English common law; permanent constitution adopted 1977, re- placed interim constitution adopted 1965; Zanzibar has its own constitution but remains subject to provisions of the union constitu- tion; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; legal education at University of Dar es Salaam; has not ac- cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Union Day, 26 April; Inde- pendence Day, 9 December Branches: President Julius Nyerere has full executive authority on the mainland; Na- tional Assembly dominated by Nyerere and the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party); National Assembly consists of 233 members, 72 from Zanzibar, of whom 10 are directly elected, 65 appointed from the mainland, and 96 directly elected from the mainland (these numbers are slated to be changed when amendments to the Constitu- tion are approved) Government leaders: Julius Kambarage NYERERE, President (Chief Minister 1960- 62; President since 1962); Ali Hassan MWINYI, Vice President (since April 1972) and President of Zanzibar (since October 1980); Salim Ahmed SALIM, Prime Minister (since November 1979) Suffrage: universal adult over age 18 Political party and leader: Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party), only po- litical party, dominated by Nyerere; has considerable power over domestic policies and the enforcement of them Voting strength: (October 1980 national elections) close to 7 million registered voters; Nyerere received 93% of about 6 million votes cast; general elections scheduled for late 1985 Communists: a few Communist sympathiz- ers, especially on Zanzibar Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $4.2billion(1984),$210per capita; real growth rate, 0.6% (1984 prelim.) Agriculture: main crops cotton, coffee, si- sal on mainland; cloves and coconuts on Zanzibar Major industries: primarily agricultural pro- cessing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood products Electric power: 429,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.127 billion kWh produced (1984), 53 kWh per capita Exports: $396 million (f.o.b., 1984); coffee, cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, meat, cloves, to- bacco, tea, coconut products Imports: $831 million (c.i.f., 1984); manufac- tured goods, machinery and transport equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs Major trade partners: exports FRG, UK, US; imports FRG, UK, US, Iran External debt: $2.8 billion (1983); debt ser- vice ratio 68.1% (1984 not including IMF) Budget: (1984/85) revenues, $891.8 million; current expenditures, $1.017 billion; devel- opment expenditures, $359.5 million Aid: economic aid commitments from West- ern (non-US) countries (1970-79), ODA and OOF, $100 million; US, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $200 million Monetary conversion rate: 17 Tanzanian shillings=US$l (14 June 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067- meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, 6.4 km double track; 962 km Tan-Zam Rail- road 1.067-meter gauge in Tanzania Highways: total 34,260 km, 3,620 km paved; 5,529 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder improved and unimproved earth Pipelines: 982 km crude oil Inland waterways: 1,168 km of navigable streams; several thousand km navigable on Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, and Malawi Ports: 3 major (Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga) Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 101 total, 94 usable; 11 with per- manent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 96,600 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, no FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense Force includes Army, Navy, and Air Force; para- military Police Field Force Unit Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,569,000; 2,624,000 fit for military service 225 Thailand Stt rrfional mtp IX Land 514,820 km 2 ; about the size of Texas; 56% forest, 24% farm, 20% other Land boundaries: 4,868 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 3,219 km People Population: 52,700,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.9% Nationality: noun Thai (sing, and pi.); ad- jective Thai Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11% other Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5% other Language: Thai; English secondary language of elite; ethnic and regional dialects Literacy: 84% Labor force: 23.4 million (1981 est); 76% ag- riculture, 9% industry and commerce, 9% services, 6% government Government Official name: Kingdom of Thailand Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Bangkok Political subdivisions: 73 centrally con- trolled provinces Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law; legal education at Thammasat University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Birthday of the King, 5 December Branches: King is head of state with nominal powers; bicameral legislature (National As- sembly Senate appointed by King, elected House of Representatives); judiciary rela- tively independent except in important political subversive cases Government leaders: BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ, King (since June 1946); Gen. (Ret.) PREM TINSULANONDA, Prime Minister (since March 1980) Suffrage: universal at age 20 Elections: last held April 1983 Political parties: Social Action Party, Thai Nation Party, Thai People's Party, Thai Citi- zen Party, Democrat Party, Freedom and Justice Party, Nation and People Party, New Force Party, National Democracy Party; other small parties represented in parliament along with numerous independents Communists: strength of illegal Communist Party is about 1,000; Thai Communist insur- gents throughout Thailand total an estimated 7,000, perhaps as low as 2,000 Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, ASPAC, Association of Tin Producing Countries, Co- lombo Plan, GATT, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $40.3 billion (1983), $790 per capita; 5.8% real growth in 1983 (8.2% real growth, 1975-79) Agriculture: main crops rice, sugar, corn, rubber, manioc Fishing: catch 1.9 million metric tons (1982); major fishery export, shrimp, 20,150 metric tons, about $138 million (1983) Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, wood and wood products, cement, tin and tungsten ore mining; world's second largest tungsten producer and third largest tin producer Shortages: fuel sources, including coal and petroleum; scrap iron; and fertilizer Electric power: 4,976,000 kW capacity (1984); 19.1 billion kWh produced (1984), 370 kWh per capita Exports: $6.3 billion (f .o.b., 1983); rice, sugar, corn, rubber, tin, tapioca, kenaf Imports: $10.2 billion (c.i.f., 1983); machin- ery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, base metals, chemicals, and fertil- Major trade partners: exports Japan, US, Singapore, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Malay- sia; imports Japan, US, FRG, UK, Singapore, Saudi Arabia; about 1% or less trade with Communist countries Budget: (FY83) estimate of expenditures, $7.7 billion Monetary conversion rate: 27 baht=US$l (November 1984) Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September Communications Railroads: 3,800 km 1.000-meter gauge, 97 km double track; 140 km 1.000-meter gauge under construction from Chachoeng Sao to Sattahip Togo Highways: 34,950 km total; 16,244 km paved, 5,353 km improved earth; 13,373 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal wa- terways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft Pipelines: natural gas, 600 km Ports: 2 major, 16 minor Civil air: 30 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraft Airfields: 131 total, 106 usable; 56 with per- manent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 29 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: service to general public adequate; bulk of service to govern- ment activities provided by multichannel cable and radio-relay network; satellite ground station; domestic satellite system be- ing developed; 496,558 telephones (1.1 per 100 popl.); approx. 150 AM, 20 FM, 10 TV transmitters in government-controlled net- works Defense Forces Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (includes Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,604,000; 8,349,000 fit for military service; about 634,000 reach military age (18) annu- ally Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September 1985, $1.3 million; 19.45% of cen- tral government budget Srt t ion.lnnpVH Bight of Benin Land 56,980 km 2 ; slightly larger than West Vir- ginia; nearly 50% arable, under 15% cultivated Land boundaries: 1,646 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 56 km People Population: 3,018,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun Togolese (sing, and pi.); adjective Togolese Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese Religion: about 70% indigenous beliefs, 20% Christian, 10% Muslim Language: French, both official and lan- guage of commerce; major African languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north Literacy: 18% Labor force: 78% agriculture, 22% industry; about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors Organized labor: one national union, the Na- tional Federation of Togolese Workers Government Official name: Republic of Togo Type: republic; one-party presidential re- gime with a centralized national administration Capital: Lome Political subdivisions: 21 circumscriptions Legal system: French-based court system with a court of appeals National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April Branches: strong executive President; uni- cameral legislature (National Assembly); separate judiciary, including State Security Court, established in 1970; a new constitution was endorsed by referendum in 1979 that provided for an elective presidential system and a 67-member National Assembly Government leader: Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, President (since 1967) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: to be held every seven years; last held in December 1979; General Eyadema, the sole candidate, was elected by almost 100% of votes cast Political party: single party formed by Presi- dent Eyadema in September 1969, Rally of the Togolese People (RPT); structure and staffing of party closely controlled by govern- ment Communists: no Communist Party; possibly some sympathizers Member of: Af DB, CEAO (observer), EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO 227 Togo (continued) Tonga Economy GNP; $950 million (1982 est.), about $340 per capita; 3.2% real growth in 1982 Agriculture: main cash crops coffee, cocoa, cotton; major food crops yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum, fish Fishing: catch 14,000 metric tons (1982) Major industries: phosphate mining, agri- cultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages Electric power: 172,000 kW capacity (1984); 452 million kWh produced (1984), 154 kWh per capita Exports: $202 million (f.o.b., 1982); phos- phates, cocoa, coffee, palm kernels Imports: $390 million (f.o.b., 1982); con- sumer goods, fuels, machinery, tobacco, foodstuffs Major trade partners: mostly France and other EC countries Budget: (1982 proj.), revenues, $243.1 mil- lion; current expenditures, $219 million; development expenditures, $89 million Monetary conversion rate: 479.875 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (December 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track Highways: 7,562 km total; 1,505 km paved, 1,257 km improved earth, remainder unim- proved earth Inland waterways: section of Mono River and about 50 km of coastal lagoons and tidal creeks Ports: 1 major (Lome), 1 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 11 total, 11 usable; 2 with perma- nent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: fair system based on network of open-wire lines supplemented by radio-relay routes; 9,800 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, 3 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 1 SYMPHONIE station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili- tary Gendarmerie Military manpower: males 15-49, 659,000; 343,000 fit for military service; no conscrip- tion South Pacific Ocean Ha'apai Group' _':.' Vava'u Group NUKU'ALOFA*, X Tongatapu Group See regional map X Land 997 km 2 (169 islands, only 36 inhabited); smaller than New York City; 77% arable, 13% forest, 3% pasture, 3% inland water, 4% other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): rectangular/ polygonal claim (12 nm for Mi- nerva Reef) Coastline: 419 km (est.) People Population: 107,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 1.9% Nationality: noun Tongan(s); adjective Tongan Ethnic divisions: Polynesian; about 300 Eu- ropeans Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents Language: Tongan, English Literacy: 90-95%; compulsory education for children ages 6-14 Labor force: agriculture 10,300; mining 600 Government Official name: Kingdom of Tonga Type: constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth 228 Trinidad and Tobago Capital: Nuku'alofa, on Tongatapu Island Political subdivisions: three main island groups (Tongatapu, Ha'apai, Vava'u) Legal system: based on English law Branches: executive King, Cabinet, and Privy Council; unicameral legislature Leg- islative Assembly composed of seven nobles elected by their peers, seven elected repre- sentatives of the people, eight Ministers of the Crown; the King appoints one of the seven nobles to be the speaker; judiciary Supreme Court, Magistrate's Court, Land Court Government leaders: Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV, King (since December 1965); Prince Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE), Premier (since December 1965) Suffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21 Elections: supposed to be held every three years, last in April 1978 Communists: none known Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, FAO, ESCAP, GATT (de facto), IFAD, ITU, South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation, South Pacific Bureau Forum, UNESCO, UPU, WHO Economy GNP: $50 million (1980), $520 per capita Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut and banana production, with subsistence crops of taro, yams, sweet potatoes, bread- fruit Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity (1984); 8 million kWh produced (1984), 75 kWh per capita Exports: $7 million (1979); 65% copra, 8% ba- nanas, 7% coconut products Imports: $29 million (1979); food, machin- ery, petroleum Major trade partners: exports 36% Austra- lia, 34% New Zealand, 14% US; imports 38% New Zealand, 31% Australia, 6% Japan, 5% Fiji (1979) Aid: economic commitments Western* (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970- 81), $77 million Budget: (1981-82) revenues, 14,744,237 pa'anga; expenditures, 14,735,833 pa'anga (est.) Monetary conversion rate: 1.0778 pa'anga=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: none Highways: 198 km metaled road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava'u); 94 km unsealed roads usable only in dry weather Ports: 2 minor (Nuku'alofa, Neiafu) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent- surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 1,285 telephones (1.4 per 100 popl.); 1 1,000 radio sets; no TV sets; 1 AM station; 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army carborough Caribbean Sea Trinidad North Atlantic Ocean See refional mtp III Land 5,128 km 2 ; the size of Delaware; 41.9% farm (25.7% cultivated or fallow, 10.6% forest, 4.1% unused or built on, and 1.5% pasture); 58.1% grassland, forest, built on, wasteland, and other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 362 km People Population: 1,1 85,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.5% Nationality: noun Trinidadian(s), Tobagan(s); adjective Trinidadian, Tobagan Ethnic divisions: 43% black, 40% East In- dian, 14% mixed, 1% white, 1% Chinese, 1% other Religion: 36.2% Roman Catholic, 23% Hindu, 13.1% Protestant, 6% Muslim, 21.7% unknown Language: English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish Literacy: 95% Labor force: about 473,000 (est. 1979-81); 23.0% service; 20.0% mining, quarrying, and manufacturing; 17.4% commerce; 15.7% 229 Trinidad and Tobago (continued) construction and utilities; 13.5% agriculture; 7.5% transportation and communication; 2.9% other Organized labor: 30% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Trinidad and To- bago Type: parliamentary democracy Capital: Port-of-Spain Political subdivisions: 8 counties (29 wards, Tobago is 30th) Legal system: based on English common law; constitution came into effect 1976; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris- diction National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August Branches: bicameral legislature (36-member elected House of Representatives and 31- member appointed Senate); executive is Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice and includes a Court of Appeal, High Court, and lower courts Government leaders: George Michael CHAMRERS, Prime Minister (since 1981); Ellis Emmanuel Innocent CLARKE, Presi- dent (since 1976) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: elections to be held at intervals of not more than five years; last election held 9 November 1981 Political parties and leaders: People's Na- tional Movement (PNM), George Chambers; United Labor Front (ULF), Basdeo Panday; Organization for National Reconstruction (ONR), Karl Hudson-Phillips; Democratic Action Congress (DAC), Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson; Tapia House Move- ment, Michael Harris Voting strength: (1981 election)55% of regis- tered voters cast ballots; House of Representatives PNM, 26 seats; ULF, 8; DAC, the 2 Tobago seats Communisms: People's Popular Movement (PPM), Michael Als; February 18 Movement (F/18), James Millette; Workers' Revolution- ary Committee (WRC), John Poon Other political pressure groups: National Joint Action Committee (NJ AC), radical anti- government Black-identity organization; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, leftist organization affiliated with the World Peace Council; Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of Industry and Commerce; Trinidad and To- bago Labor Congress, moderate labor federation; Council of Progressive Trade Unions, radical labor federation Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, Interna- tional Coffee Agreement, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP; $7.316 billion (1982), $6,651 per cap- ita; real growth rate (1983), -2.6% Agriculture: main crops sugar, cocoa, cof- fee, rice, citrus, bananas; largely dependent upon imports of food Fishing: catch 4,461 metric tons (1980) Major industries: petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement Electric power: 1,009,000 kW capacity (1984); 2.6 billion kWh produced (1984), 2,226 kWh per capita Exports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petroleum and petroleum products, ammonia, fertil- izer, chemicals, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus; includes exports of oil under processing agreement Imports: $2.5 billion (c.i.f., 1983); crude pe- troleum (33%), machinery, fabricated metals, transportation equipment, manufactured 230 goods, food, chemicals; includes imports un- der processing agreement Major trade partners: exports US 57%, Netherlands 6%; imports Saudi Arabia 31%, US 26%, UK 10% Aid: economic bilateral commitments, in- cluding Ex-Im (FY70-82), US, $320 million; (1970-82) other Western countries, ODA and OOF, $118 million Btidget: (1982) consolidated central govern- ment revenues, $3. 1 billion; expenditures, $4.0 billion (current, $3.0 billion; capital, $973 million) Monetary conversion rate: 2.37 Trinidad and Tobago dollars=US$l (November 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: minimal agricultural system near San Fernando Highways: 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unim- proved earth Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined products; 904 km natural gas Ports: 2 major (Port-of-Spain, Chaguaramas Bay), 7 minor Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft Airfields: 7 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent interna- tional service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados and Guyana; fair local service; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 86,900 tele- phones (7.0 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV stations Defense Forces Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service Military manpower: males 15-49, 340,000; 243,000 fit for military service Tunisia Mediterranean Sea See regional map VII Land 163,610 km 2 ; about the size of Missouri; 43% desert, waste, or urban; 28% arable and tree crop; 23% range and esparto grass; 6% forest Land boundaries: 1,408km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 12 nm exclusive fisheries zone fol- lows the 50-meter isobath for part of the coast, maximum 65 nm) Coastline: 1,143 km (includes offshore is- lands) People Population: 7,352,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.4% Nationality: noun Tunisian(s); adjective Tunisian Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European, less than 1% Jewish Religion: 98% Muslim, 1% Christian, less than 1% Jewish Language: Arabic (official); Arabic and French (commerce) Literacy: about 62% Labor force: 1.9 million, 32% agriculture; 15%-25% unemployed; shortage of skilled labor Organized labor: about 360,000 members claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi- independent of Destourian Socialist Party Government Official name: Republic of Tunisia Type: republic Capital: Tunis Political subdivisions: 23 governorates (prov- inces) Legal system: based on French civil law sys- tem and Islamic law; constitution patterned on Turkish and US constitutions adopted 1959; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session; legal education at Institute of Higher Studies and Superior School of Law of the University of Tunis National holiday: Independence Day, 1 June Branches: executive dominant; unicameral legislative (National Assembly) largely advi- sory; judicial, patterned on French and Koranic systems Government leaders: Habib BOURGUIBA, President (Prime Minister in 1956; President since 1957; President for Life since Novem- ber 1974); Mohamed MZALI, Prime Minister (since April 1980) Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: national elections held every five years; last elections 1 November 1981 Political party and leader: Destourian So- cialist Party is official ruling party; two small parties Movement of Social Democrats and Movement of Popular Unity legalized in 1983 Voting strength: (1981 election) over 95% Destourian Socialist Party; 3.23% Social Democrats, under 1% Popular United Move- ment, under 1% Communist Party Communists: a small number of nominal Communists, mostly students; Tunisian Communist Party legalized in July 1981 Member of: AfDB, Arab League, AIOEC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, QIC, Regional Cooperation for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $8.3 billion (1984 est), $1,150 per cap- ita (1982); 57% private consumption, 16% government consumption, 29% gross fixed capital formation; average annual real growth (1980- 83), 4% Agriculture: main crops cereals (barley and wheat), olives, grapes, citrus fruits, and veg- etables Major sectors: agriculture; industry min- ing (phosphate), energy (petroleum, natural gas), manufacturing (food processing and tex- tiles), services (transport, telecommuni- cations, tourism, government) Electric power: 1,070,000 kW capacity (1984); 3.271 billion kWh produced (1984), 454 kWh per capita Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 51% crude petroleum, 17% textiles, 15% phosphates and chemicals, 5% other Imports: $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984) Major trade partners: France, Italy, FRG, Greece Tourism and foreign worker remittances: $934 million (1984) Budget: (1984 prelim.) total revenues, $2.88 billion; operating budget, $2.5 billion; capital budget, $1.0 billion Monetary conversion rate: 0.80 Tunisian di- nar (TD)=US$1 (30 August 1984) 231 Tunisia (continued) Turkey Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 2,089 km total; 503 km 1.435- meter standard gauge, 1,586km 1.000-meter gauge Highways: 17,762 km total; 9,970 km bitumi- nous; 1,421 km improved earth; 6,371 km unimproved earth Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 86 km refined products; 742 km natural gas Ports: 5 major, 14 minor; 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants terminal Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft Airfields: 28 total, 25 usable; 12 with perma- nent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open- wire lines, multiconductor cable, and radio relay; key centers are Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte, and Tunis; 188,500 telephones (3.0 per 100 popl.); 1 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 4 TV stations; 3 subma- rine cables; ARABSAT satellite back-up control station under construction; coaxial cable to Algeria; radio-relay to Algeria, Libya, and Italy Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,777,000; 992,000 fit for military service; about 83,000 reach military age (20) annually Mediterranean Sea See regional map VI Land 780,576 km 2 ; twice the size of California; 35% crop, 25% meadow and pasture, 23% forest, 17% other Land boundaries: 2,574 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm, except in Black Sea, where it is 12 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 7,200 km People Population: 51,259,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.1% Nationality: noun Turk(s); adjective Turkish Ethnic divisions: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd, 3% other Religion: 98% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 2% other (mostly Christian and Jewish) Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish Arabic Literacy: 70% Labor force: 18. 1 million (1983); 61% agricul- ture, 27% service, 12% industry and commerce; surplus of unskilled labor (1982) Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force Government Official name: Republic of Turkey Type: republican parliamentary democracy Capital: Ankara Political subdivisions: 67 provinces Legal system: derived from various conti- nental legal systems; constitution adopted in November 1982; legal education at Universi- ties of Ankara and Istanbul; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva- tions National holiday: Republic Day, 29 October Branches: executive President empowered to call new elections, promulgate laws (elected for a seven-year term); unicameral legislature (400-member Grand National As- sembly); independent judiciary Government leaders: Gen. Kenan EVREN, President (since 1982); Turgut OZAL, Prime Minister (since 1983) Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: according to the 1982 Constitu- tion, elections to the Grand National Assembly to be held every five years; most recent election 6 November 1983 Political parties and leaders: military leaders banned all traditional parties from taking part in the parliamentary election of Novem- ber 1983 and banned many prominent party leaders from taking part in politics for 10 years; three new parties allowed to take part in the election Motherland Party (MP), Turgut Ozal; Populist Party (PP), Necdet Calp; Nationalist Democracy Party (NDP), Turgut Sunalp; additional parties permitted to take part in local elections in March 1984 Social Democratic Party (SODEP), Erdal Inonii; Correct Way Party (CWP), Yildirim Avci Voting strength: (1983 election) Grand Na- tional Assembly Motherland Party, 211 seats; Populist Party, 117 seats; Nationalist Democracy Party, 71 seats 232 Turks and Caicos Islands Communists: strength and support negligible Member of: ASSIMER, Council of Europe, EC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OECD, QIC, Regional Cooper- ation for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: $51.0 billion (1983), $1,079 per capita; 3.4% real growth 1983, 4.2% average annual real growth 1973-83 Agriculture: main products cotton, to- bacco, cereals, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, and livestock products; self-sufficient in food in average years Major industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron miner- als), steel, petroleum Crude steel: 1.76 million tons produced (1982) Electric power: 7,291,000 kW capacity (1984); 31.932 billion kWh produced (1984), 640 kWh per capita Exports: $5,728 million (f.o.b., 1983); cotton, tobacco, fruits, nuts, metals, livestock prod- ucts, textiles and clothing Imports: $9,235 million (c.i.f., 1983); crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals Major trade partners: (\9f&) exports 19.0% Iran, 14.6% FRG, 7.4% Italy, 6.4% Saudi Ara- bia, 5.6% Iraq; imports 13.2% Iraq, 11.4% FRG, 10.3% Iraq, 8.6% Libya, 7.5% US Budget: (FY83) revenues, $9.6 billion; expen- ditures, $11.2 billion; deficit, $1.7 billion Monetary conversion rate: 415.62 Turkish liras=US$l (October 1984) Communications Railroads: 8,156 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 204 km double track; 204 km electri- fied Highways: 60,954 km total; 38,298 km bitu- minous; 16,169 km gravel or crushed stone; 4,180 km improved earth; 2,155 km unim- proved earth Inland waterways: approx. 1,200 km Pipelines: 1,288 km crude oil; 2,145 km re- fined products Ports: 4 major, 8 secondary, 16 minor Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft Airfields: 117 total, 97 usable; 61 with per- manent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,660 m, 26 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair domestic and in- ternational systems; trunk radio-relay network; 2.39 million telephones (5.3 per 100 popl.); 20 AM, 27 FM, 181 TV stations; 2 sat- ellite ground stations, 1 submarine telephone cable Defense Forces Branches: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,548,000; 7,426,000 fit for military service; about 527,000 reach military age (20) annu- ally Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $2.5 billion; 21.4% of cen- tral government budget North At/antic Caicos Oce ' n Islands CockburrL-J GRAND TURK Harbour-W ICockburnfl Town) Turks . Islands p North Atlantic Ocean See regional mip III Land 430 km 2 ; about two-thirds the size of New York City; more than 30 islands, including 8 inhabited; largest is Grand Caicos People Population: 7,436 (1980) Ethnic division: majority of African descent Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Methodist, Church of God, Seventh-day Ad- ventist Language: English (official) Literacy: about 99% Labor force: some subsistence agriculture; majority engaged in fishing and tourist indus- tries Organized labor: St. George's Industrial Trade Union (Cockburn Harbor), 250 mem- bers Government Official name: Turks and Caicos Islands Type: British dependent territory; constitu- tion introduced in 1976 Capital: Cockburn Town on Grand Turk Is- land Fiscal year: calendar year Political subdivisions: 3 districts Turks and Caicos Islands (continued) Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands) Legal system: probably based on English common law National holiday: Commonwealth Day, 31 May Branches: executive, bicameral legislature (Executive Council, 14-member Legislative Council), judicial (Supreme Court) Government leader: Nathaniel FRANCIS, Chief Minister (since March 1985); Christo- pher J. TURNER, Governor (since 1982) Suffrage: universal adult at age 18 Elections: last 1984 for 11 Legislative Coun- cil seats Political parties and leaders: People's Demo- cratic Movement (PMD), Oswald Skippings; Progressive National Party (PNP), Norman Saunders Voting strength: PDM, 3 seats, PNP, 8 seats Communist: none known Economy GNP: $15 million (1980) Agriculture: corn, beans Fishing: catch 395.76 metric tons (1981) Major industries: fishing, tourism; formerly produced salt by solar evaporation Exports: $2.5 million (1982); crawfish, dried and fresh conch, conch shells Imports: $20.9 million (1982); foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing Major trade partners: US (lobster, conch, tourism) and UK Budget: revenues, $5.9 million; expendi- tures, $7.2 million (1981/82) Monetary conversion rate: uses the US dollar Fiscal year: probably calendar Communications Railroads: none Highways: 121 km, including 24 km tarmac Ports: 4 major (Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbor) Civil air: Air Turks and Caicos (passenger ser- vice) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service) Airfields: 1 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent- surface runways; 4 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: cable and wireless ser- vices (932 telephones, 1981); 1 AM station (21,500 radio receivers, 1982) Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of UK Branches: police Nanumea 1 35 km .Mufao Nanumanga ,Nui t Vat1upu FUNAFUTI-*-(* Funafuti South Pacific Ocean See regional mtp X Nurakita Land NOTE: On 1 October 1975, by Constitu- tional Order, the Ellice Islands were formally separated from the British colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands, thus forming the colony of Tuvalu. The remaining islands in the former Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony are now named Kiribati. Tuvalu includes the islands of Nanumanga, Nanumea, Nui, Niutao, Vaitupu, and the four islands of the Tuvalu group formerly claimed by the United States Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulailai (Nukulaelae), and Nurakita (Niulakita) Land 26 km 2 ; less than one-half the size of Manhat- tan Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: about 24 km People Population: 8,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 1.7% Nationality: noun Tuvaluans(s); adjec- tive Tuvaluan Ethnic divisions: 96% Polynesian Religion: Christian, predominantly Protes- tant 234 Uganda Language: Tuvaluan, English Literacy: less than 50% Government Official name: Tuvalu Type: independent state with special membership" in the Commonwealth, rec- ognizing Elizabeth II as head of state Capital: Funafuti Branches: executive Prime Minister and Cabinet; unicameral legislature 12-mem- ber House of Parliament judicial High Court, 8 island courts with limited jurisdication Government leaders: Dr. Tomasi PUAPUA, Prime Minister (since September 1981); Sir Eiatau Penitala TEO, Governor General (since October 1978) Elections: last general election September 1981, next September 1985 Political parties: none Member of: GATT (de facto), SPC, UPU Economy GNP: $4 million (1980 est), $570 per capita Agriculture: limited; coconut palms, copra Electric power: 2,600 kW capacity (1984); 3 million kWh produced (1984), 375 kWh per capita Exports: copra $26,789 (1981) Imports: $2.8 million (1981); food and min- eral fuels Major trade partners: UK, Australia Aid: economic commitments Western (non-US) countries, ODA (1970-79), $22 mil- lion Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $2.59 million; expenditures, $3.6 million Monetary conversion rate: 1.0778 Australian dollars=US$l (February 1984) Communications Railroads: none Highways: 8 km gravel Inland waterways: none Ports: 2 minor (Funafuti) and Nukufetau Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 usable with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: 1 AM station; about 300 radio telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 4,000 radio sets See regional map VII Land 235,885 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Oregon; 45% forest, wood, and grass; 21% inland wa- ter and swamp, including territorial waters of Lake Victoria; about 21% cultivated; 13% na- tional park, forest, and game reserve Land boundaries: 2,680 km People Population: 14,733,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun Ugandan(s); adjective Ugandan Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% European, Asian, Arab Religion: 33% Roman Catholic, 33% Protes- tant, 16% Muslim, rest indigenous beliefs Language: English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic languages Literacy: 52% Labor force: estimated 4.5 million; about 250,000 in paid labor; remainder in subsis- tence activities Organized labor: 125,000 union members Government Official name: Republic of Uganda 235 Uganda (continued) Type: republic Capital: Kampala Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 34 districts Legal system: provisional government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary law to reinstitute a nor- mal judicial system; legal education at Makerere University, Kampala; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva- tions National holiday: Independence Day, 9 Oc- tober Branches: government that assumed power in December 1980 consists of three branches an executive headed by a Presi- dent, a unicameral legislature (National Assembly), and a judiciary; in practice Presi- dent has most power Government leader: Dr. (Apollo) Milton OBOTE, President (since December 1980) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: general election (held December 1980) elected present National Assembly; winning party then named President Political parties: Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP) Voting strength: (December 1980 election) National Assembly UPC, 74; DP, 51; other, 1 Communists: possibly a few sympathizers Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $4.8 billion in 1982 (est); real growth rate 5.0% (1983/84 est.) Agriculture: main cash crop coffee (180,600 metric tons produced in 1983/84, est.); other cash crops cotton, tobacco, tea, sugar, fish, livestock Major industries: agricultural processing (textiles, sugar, coffee, plywood, beer), ce- ment, copper smelting, corrugated iron sheet, shoes, fertilizer Electric power: 200,000 kW capacity (1984); 525 million kWh produced (1984), 35 kWh per capita Exports: $380 million (f.o.b., 1983/84 est.); coffee (98%), cotton, tea Imports: $509 million (c.i.f., 1983/84 est.); petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transport equipment, food Major trade partners: exports 41% US, 10% UK, 8% France; imports 32% Kenya, 18% UK, 11%FRG(1982) Budget: revenues, $473 million (FY82/83); grants, $5 million, current expenditures, $434 million; development expenditures, $85 million; other, $157 million Monetary conversion rate: 495.0 Uganda shillings=US$l (31 October 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: 1,216 km, 1.000-meter gauge sin- gle track Highways: 27,540 km total; 2,504 km paved; 5,036 km crushed stone, gravel, and laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Al- bert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Kagera River, Victoria Nile Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft Airfields: 38 total, 34 usable; 5 with perma- nent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system with ra- dio-relay and communications stations in use; 61,600 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM, 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station Defense Forces Branches: Uganda National Liberation Army (including army and air force), para- military Police Special Force Military manpower: males 15-49, about 3,223,000; about 1,735,000 fit for military 236 United Arab Emirates Persian Gull Boundary representation is not necessarily authoritative Set rt|ionl m.p VI Land 83,600 km 2 ; the size of Maine; almost all desert, waste, or urban Land boundaries: 1 ,094 km (does not include boundaries between adjacent UAE states) Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm for all states except Sharjah, where claimed limit is 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 1,448 km People Population: 1,320,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 4.4% Nationality: Noun Emirian(s), adjective Emirian Ethnic divisions: Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian 50% (fluctuating), other ex- patriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8%; fewer than 20% of the population are UAE citizens (1982) Religion: Muslim 96%; Christian, Hindu, and other 4% Language: Arabic (official); Farsi and En- glish widely spoken in major cities; Hindi, Urdu Literacy: 56.3% est. Labor force: 541,000 (1980 est.); 85% indus- try and commerce, 5% agriculture, 5% services, 5% government; 80% of labor force is foreign Government Official name: United Arab Emirates (com- posed of former Trucial States) Member states: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, al Fujayrah, Ra's al-Khaymah, Sharjah, Umm al-Qaywayn Type: federation; constitution signed De- cember 1971, which delegated specified powers to the UAE central government and reserved other powers to member shaykh- doms Capital: Abu Dhabi Legal system: secular codes are being intro- duced by the UAE Government and in several member shaykhdoms; Islamic law re- mains influential National holiday: 2 December Branches: executive Supreme Council of Rulers (seven members), from which a Presi- dent and Vice President are elected; Prime Minister and Council of Ministers; unicam- eral legislature Federal National Council; judicial Union Supreme Court Government leaders: Shaykh Zayid bin Sul- tan Al NUHAYYAN of Abu Dhabi, President (since December 1971); Shaykh Rashid ibn Sa'id Al MAKTUM of Dubai, Vice President (since 1971) and Prime Minister (since April 1979) Suffrage: none Elections: none Political or pressure groups: none; a few small clandestine groups are active Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO Economy GDP: $27.5 billion (1983), $22,710 per capita Agriculture: food imported; some dates, al- falfa, vegetables, fruit, tobacco raised Electric power: 5,178,000 kW capacity (1984); 13.58 billion kWh produced (1984), 10,760 kWh per capita Exports: $15.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); $12.8 bil- lion in crude oil, $2.5 billion consisting mostly of gas, reexports, dried fish, dates Imports: $8.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); food, con- sumer and capital goods Major trade partners: Japan, EC, US Bt.dge,!:(1982est.)current expenditures, $6.6 billion; development, $1.9 billion; revenue, $8.8 billion Monetary conversion rate: 3.671 UAE dirhams=US$l (October 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bitumi- nous, 200 km gravel and graded earth Pipelines: 830 km crude oil; 870 km natural gas, including natural gas liquids Ports: 1 major, 18 minor Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft Airfields: 43 total, 30 usable; 20 with perma- nent-surface runways; 5 with runways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate system of radio-relay and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubai; 241,000 telephones 237 United Arab Emirates (continued) United Kingdom (20.0 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 3 FM, 9 TV sta- tions; 3 INTELSAT stations with 1 Atlantic and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; plan subma- rine cables to India and Pakistan; tropo- spheric scatter to Bahrain; radio-relay to Saudi Arabia Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 547,000; 379,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $1.9 billion; 40% of central government budget Hebrides^ ^Shetland i Islands ft.' Orkney Islands North Atlantic Ocean English Channel See regional mip V Land 243,977 km 2 ; slightly smaller than Oregon; 50% meadow and pasture, 30% arable, 12% waste or urban, 7% forest, 1% inland water Land boundaries: 360 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 12,429 km People Population: 56,437,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.1% Nationality: noun Briton(s), British (collec- tive pi.); adjective British Ethnic divisions: 81.5% English, 9.6% Scot- tish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh, 1.8% Ulster, 0.8% other; West Indian, Indian, Pakistani 2% Religion: 27.0 million Anglican, 5.3 million Roman Catholic, 2.0 million Presbyterian, 760,000 Methodist, 450,000 Jewish (regis- tered) Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) Literacy: 99% Labor force: (1982) 26.08 million; 54.4% in- dustry and commerce, 29.9% services, 7.6% self-employed, 6.6% government, 1.5% agri- culture; 12.5% unemployed (early 1984) Organized labor: 40% of labor force Government Official name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: London Political subdivisions: 650 parliamentary constituencies Legal system: common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influ- ences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic- tion, with reservations National holiday: celebration of birthday of the Queen, 16 June Branches: legislative authority resides in Par- liament (House of Lords, House of Commons); executive authority lies with col- lectively responsible Cabinet led by Prime Minister; House of Lords is supreme judicial authority and highest court of appeal Government leader: ELIZABETH II, Queen (since 1952); Margaret THATCHER, Prime Minister (since 1979) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister, but must be held before expiration of a five- year electoral mandate; last election 9 June 1983 Political parties and leaders: Conservative, Margaret Thatcher; Labor, Neil Kinnock; So- cial Democratic, David Owen; Communist, Gordon McLennan; Scottish National, Don- ald Stewart; Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Wigley; Official Unionist, James Molyneaux; Demo- cratic Unionist, Ian Paisley; Social Democratic and Labor, John Hume; Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams; Alliance, John Coshnahan; Liberal, David Steel 238 Voting strength: (1983 election) House of Commons Conservative, 397 seats (42.4%); Labor, 209 seats (27.6%); Social Democratic- Liberal Alliance, 23 seats (17 Liberal, 6 SDP) (25.4%); Scottish National Party, 2 seats; Plaid Cymru (Welsh Nationalist), 2 seats; Ulster (Official) Unionist (Northern Ireland), 1 1 seats; Ulster Democratic Unionist (Northern Ireland), 3 seats; Ulster Popular Unionist (Northern Ireland), 1 seat; Social Democratic and Labor (Northern Ireland), 1 seat; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), 1 seat Communists: 15,961 Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress, Confederation of British In- dustry, National Farmers' Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Member of: ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ELDO, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC International Whaling Com- mission, IWC International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GNP: $460.0 billion (1983), $8,214 per cap- ita; 60.3% consumption, 16.4% investment, 21.7% government; 0.1% stockbuilding, 1.1% net foreign balance, real growth 3.4% (1983) Agriculture: mixed farming predominates; main products wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, livestock, dairy products; 62% self-sufficient (1982); dependent on imports for more than half of consumption of refined sugar, butter, oils and fats, bacon and ham Fishing: catch 744,966 metric tons (1983); imports 707,000 metric tons (1983), exports 379,000 metric tons (1983) Major industries: machinery and transport equipment, metals, food processing, paper and paper products, textiles, chemicals, clothing Crude steel: 15.0 million metric tons pro- duced (1983); 266 kg per capita (1983); 25.4 million tons capacity (1981) Electric power: 94,333,000 kW capacity (1984); 280.05 billion kWh produced (1984), 4,970 kWh per capita Exports: $ 96.5 billion (f.o.b., 1982); machin- ery, transport equipment, petroleum, manufactured goods, chemicals, foodstuffs Exports: $91.4 billion (f.o.b., 1983); manufac- tured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, transport equipment Imports: $99.2 billion (c.i.f., 1983); manufac- tured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods Major trade partners: exports 43.4% EC (10.0% FRG, 9.4% France, 9.0% Nether- lands), 13.8% US, 1.9% Communist (1983); imports 45.7% EC(14.8% FRG, 7.8% Neth- erlands, 7.7% France), 11.4% US, 2.3% Communist (1983) Aid: donor bilateral economic aid commit- ted (ODA and OOF) (1970-82), $13 billion Budget: (national and local government, in- cluding nationalized industries) FY84 (est.) revenues, $193.9 billion; expenditures, $179.9 billion; deficit $14 billion Monetary conversion rate: 0.833 pounds sterling=US$l (December 1984) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March Communications Railroads: Great Britain 17,249 km total; British Railways (BR) operates 17,230 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (3,718 km elec- trified, 12,591 km double or multiple track), and 19 km 0.597-meter gauge; several addi- tional small standard gauge and narrow gauge lines are privately owned; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, 190 km double track Highways: United Kingdom, 362,982 km to- tal; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved, 592 km gravel) Inland waterways: 3,219 km publicly owned; 605 km major commercial routes Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insig- nificant; 2,907 km refined products; 1,770 km natural gas Ports: 9 major, 15 secondary, 190 minor Civil air: 618 major transport aircraft Airfields: 570 total, 351 usable; 249 with per- manent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 139 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: modern, efficient do- mestic and international system; 29. 1 million telephones (51.7 per 100 popl.); excellent countrywide broadcast; 100 AM, 317 FM, 1,784 TV stations; 33 coaxial submarine ca- bles; 4 earth satellite stations with a total of 8 antennas Defense Forces Branches: Royal Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Marines Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,034,000; 11,902,000 fit for military ser- vice; no conscription Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1984, $24.1 billion; about 19.7% of central government budget 239 United States This "Factsheet" on the US is provided solely as a service to those wishing to make rough comparisons of foreign country data with a US "yardstick. " Information is from US open sources and publications and in no sense rep- resents estimates by the US Intelligence Community. Land 9,372,614 km 2 (contiguous US plus Alaska and Hawaii); 32% forest; 27% grazing and pasture; 19% cultivated; 22% waste, urban, and other Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 19,924 km People Population: 238,848,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.9% Ethnic divisions: 80% white; 1 1 % black; 6.2% Spanish origin; 1.6% Asian and Pacific Is- lander; 0.7% American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut (1980) Religion: total membership in religious bod- ies 134.8 million; Protestant 73.479 million, Roman Catholic 50.45 million, Jewish 5.92 million, other religions 4.968 million (1982) Language: predominantly English; sizable Spanish-speaking minority Literacy: 99.5% of total population 15 years or older Labor force: 115.786 million (includes 2.208 million members of the armed forces in the US); unemployment rate 7.2% (1985); 10.41 1 million unemployed (January 1984) Organized labor: approximately 17.4 million members; 18.8% of civilian labor force (1984) Government Official name: United States of America Type: federal republic; strong democratic tradition Capital: Washington, D.C. Political subdivisions: 50 states and the Dis- trict of Columbia; dependencies include Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, Vir- gin Islands, American Samoa, Wake and Midway Islands, Johnston Atoll, and King- man Reef; under UN trusteeship Caroline, Marshall, and Northern Mariana Islands Legal system: based on English common law; dual system of courts, state and federal; con- stitution adopted 1789; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ juris- diction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July Branches: executive (President), bicameral legislature (House of Representatives and Senate), and judicial (Supreme Court); branches, in principle, independent and maintain balance of power Government leaders: Ronald REAGAN, President (since January 1981); George BUSH, Vice President (since January 1981) Suffrage: all citizens over age 18, not com- pulsory Elections: presidential, every four years(next November 1988); all members of the House of Representatives, every two years; one- third of members of the Senate, every two years Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Frank J. Fahrenkopf, Jr., chairman; Democratic Party, Paul G. Kirk, Jr., chair- man; several other groups or parties of minor political significance Voting strength: 40% voter participation (1982 congressional election); 53.9% voter participation (1984 presidential election) Re- publican Party (Ronald Reagan), 59% of the popular vote (525 electoral votes); Demo- cratic Party (Walter Mondale), 41% (13 electoral votes) Communist*: Communist Party member- ship, claimed 15,000-20,000(1983); general secretary, Gus Hall; in the 1980 presidential election the Communist Party candidate re- ceived 43,896 votes; Socialist Workers Party membership, claimed 1,800; national secre- tary, Jack Barnes; in the 1980 presidential election, the Socialist Workers Party candi- date received 48,650 votes Member of: ADB, ANZUS, Bank of Interna- tional Settlements, CCC, CENTO, Colombo Plan, DAC, FAO, GATT, Group of Ten, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICEM, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC International Whaling Commission, IWC International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS, OECD, PAHO, SPC, UN, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy GNP: (September 1983 prelim, seasonally adjusted at annual rates) $3,363.3 billion; (September 1983 prelim., seasonally adjusted at annual rates) $2,186.5 billion (65%) per- sonal consumption, $501.0 billion (14.9%) private investment, $701.8 billion (20.9%) government, $25.9 billion ( .07%) net ex- ports; $14,300 per capita; annual growth rate 6.8% (1984) Agriculture: food grains, feed crops, oilbearing crops, cattle, dairy products Fishing: catch 4 million metric tons (1982); 13.0 Ib per capita consumption (1981); im- ports $4.173 billion (1981); exports $1.156 billion, (1981); est. value, $2.388 billion(1981) Crude steel: 75.6 million metric tons pro- duced (1983) Electric power: 686,453,000 (public utilities only) kW capacity (1984); 2,651.569 billion (net) kWh produced (1984), 1 1.216 kWh per capita Exports: $200.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); machin- ery, chemicals, transport equipment, agricultural products 240 Uruguay Imports: $269.9 billion (c.i.f., 1983); crude and partly refined petroleum, machinery, transport equipment (mainly new automo- biles) Major trade partners: exports $33.72 bil- lion Canada, $20.966 billion Japan, $11.816 billion Mexico, $10.644 billion UK, $9.291 billion FRG (1982); imports $46.476 billion Canada, $37.743 billion Japan, $15.565 bil- lion Mexico, $13.094 billion UK, $11.974 billion FRG (1982) Aid: obligations and loan authorizations, in- cluding Ex-Im (FY82), economic $11.2 billion, military (FY82) $4.2 billion Budget: (1984) receipts, $666.5 billion; out- lays, $841.8 billion; deficit, $175.3 billion Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September Communications Railroads: 270,312 km (1981) Highways: 6,198,994 km, including 88,641 km expressways (1981) Inland waterways: est. 41,009 km of naviga- ble inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes Freight carried: rail 1,430.0 million metric tons, 1,175.0 billion metric ton/km (1982); highways 830.05 billion metric ton/km (1982); inland water freight (excluding Great Lakes traffic) 512.0 million metric tons, 312.24 billion metric ton/km (1982); air 9,500 million metric ton/km (1982) Pipelines: petroleum, 278,035 km (1981); natural gas, 418,018 km (1981) Ports: 44 handling 10.9 million metric tons or more per year Civil air: 2,699 commercial multiengine transport aircraft, including 2,504 jet, 159 turboprop, 36 piston (1982) Airfields: 15,422 in operation (1981) Telecommunications: 182,558,000 tele- phones (791 telephones per l,000popl.)i 4,689 AM, 3,380 FM, 1,132 TV broadcast sta- tions; 477 million radio and 142 million TV receivers (1982) Defense Forces Branches: Department of the Army, Depart- ment of the Navy (including Marine Corps), US Coast Guard, Department-of the Air Force Military manpower: 2,116,800 total; 790,800, army; 581,000, air force; 553,000, navy; 192,000, marines (1982) Military budget: $205.0 billion (1983); $231.0 billion (1984 est.); $264.4 billion (1985 proj.); 29.1% of central government budget (planned, 1985) '<*, _MONTE VIDEO Sec re|ionil map IV Land 176,215 km 2 ; the size of Washington; 84% ag- ricultural (73% pasture, 11% crop); 16% forest, urban, waste, and other Land boundaries: 1,352 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (fishing 200 nm; overflight and naviga- tion permitted beyond 12 nm) Coastline: 660 km People Population: 2,936,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.3% Nationality: noun Uruguayan(s); adjec- tive Uruguayan Ethnic divisions: 85-90% white, 5-10% mes- tizo, 3-5 black Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than half adult population attends church regularly), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 30% nonprofessing or other Language: Spanish Literacy: 94.3% Labor force: about 1.28 million (1981); 19% manufacturing; 19% government; 16% agri- culture; 12% commerce; 12% utilities, 241 Uruguay (continued) construction, transport, and communica- tions; 22% other services; unemployment more than 15% (1984 est.) Organized labor: government authorized non-Communist union activities in 1981 for the first time since 1973 military takeover Government Official name: Oriental Republic of Uru- guay Type: republic Capital: Montevideo Political subdivisions: 19 departments with limited autonomy Legal system: based on Spanish civil law sys- tem; most recent constitution implemented 1967 but large portions are currently in sus- pension and the whole is under study for revision; legal education at University of the Republic in Montevideo; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 25 August Branches: executive, headed by President; bicameral National Congress (Senate and House of Deputies); national judiciary headed by court of justice Government leaders: Julio M. SANGUI- NETT1, President (since March 1985); Enrique E. TARIGO, Vice President (since March 1985) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: last November 1984; elections held every five years Political parties and leaders: National (Blanco) Party, Wilson Ferreira; Frente Amplio Colition, Liber Seregni; Colorado Party, Julio Sanguinetti Enrique Tarigo, Jorge Pacheco Areco Voting strength: (1984 elections) 41% Colo- rado, 34.9% Blanco, 21.7% Frente Amplio, 2.4% Civic Union, 0.5% Radical Christian Union Communists: 5,000-10,000, including for- mer youth group and sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: Christian Democratic Party (PDC); Communist Party (PCU), proscribed in 1973; Socialist Party of Uruguay (PSU), proscribed in 1973; National Liberation Movement (MLN) Tupamaros, leftist revolutionary terrorist group, pro- scribed and now virtually annihilated Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy GDP: $5.4 billion (1983), $1,817 per capita; 89% consumption, 13% gross investment, -2.0% foreign; real growth rate 1983, -4.7% Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive livestock grazing; main crops wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs Major industries: meat processing, wool and hides, textiles, footwear, leather apparel, tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining Electric power: 1,300,000 kW capacity (1984); 5 billion kWh produced (1984), 1,709 kWh per capita Exports: $1.256 billion (f.o.b., 1982); wool, hides, meat, textiles, leather products, fish, rice, furs Imports: $706 million (c.i.f., 1983); fuels and lubricants (37%), metals, machinery, trans- portation equipment, industrial chemicals Major trade partners: exports 22% LAIA; 21% EC, 8% US, imports 39% LAIA (13% Brazil, 11% Argentina), 15% EC, 7% US (1981) Aid: economic commitments US autho- rized, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $78 million; other Western countries, ODA and OOF (1970-82) $124 million; Communist countries (1970-83), $65 million; military- US authorized (FY70-82) $39 million Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $854 million; expenditures, $960 million Monetary conversion rate: 57.75 new pesos=US$l (August 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter stan- dard gauge (1 .435 m) and government owned Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft Ports: 1 major (Montevideo), 9 minor Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft Airfields: 95 total, 91 usable; 14 with perma- nent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: most modern facili- ties concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide radio-relay network 294,300 telephones (9.9 per 100 popl.); 82 AM, 4 FM, 22 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta- tion Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 679,000; 552,000 fit for military service; no conscrip- tion Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, $283.6 million; 16% of cen- tral government budget 242 Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides) Espiritu Santo Luganvi South Pacific Ocean Cor il Sea PORT VILA See ref ionil map X Land About 14,763 km 2 ; about the size of Connect- icut; over 80 islands Water Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: about 2,528 km People Population: 134,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun Vanuatuan(s); adjec- tive Vanuatuan Ethnic divisions: 90% indigenous Melane- sian; 8% French; remainder Vietnamese, Chinese, and various Pacific Islanders Religion: most at least nominally Christian Language: English and French (official); pid- gin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) Literacy: probably 10-20% Government Official name: Republic of Vanuatu Type: republic, formerly Anglo-French con- dominium of New Hebrides, independent 30 July 1980 Capital: Port- Vila Political subdivisions: four administrative districts Legal system: unified system being created from former dual French and British systems Branch: unicameral legislature (39-member Parliament), elected November 1983 Government leader: Father Walter Hadye LINI, Prime Minister Political parties and leaders: National Party (Vanuaaku Pati), chairman Walter Lini Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, G-77, IFC, IMF, ITU, South Pacific Forum, UN Economy Agriculture: export crops of copra, cocoa, coffee, some livestock and fish production; subsistence crops of copra, taro, yams Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1984); 20 million kWh produced (1984), 154 kWh per capita Exports: $24 million (1980); 24% copra, 59% frozen fish, meat Imports: $53 million (1980); 18% food Aid: Australia (1980-83), $14.4 million Monetary conversion rate: 102.034 vantus=US$l; 1.0778 Australian dollars=US$l (February 1984) Communications Railroads: none Highways: at least 240 km sealed or all- weather roads Inland waterways: none Ports: 2 minor (Port- Vila, Luganville) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 30 total, 24 usable; 2 with perma- nent-surface runways, 2 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: 2 AM broadcast sta- tions; 2,400 telephones (2.4 per 100 popl.); 1 ground satellite station under construction Defense Forces Personnel: no military forces maintained; however, a paramilitary force is responsible for internal and external security 243 Vatican City 260 meters See region*! map V Land 0.438 km 2 Land boundaries: 3 km People Population: 1,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 0. 1% Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also many other nationalities Religion: Roman Catholic Language: Italian, Latin, and various other languages Literacy: 100% Labor force: approx. 700; Vatican City em- ployees divided into three categories executives, office workers, and salaried em- ployees Organized labor: none Government Official name: State of the Vatican City Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state Capital: Vatican City Political subdivisions: Vatican City includes St. Peter's, the Vatican Palace and Museum, and neighboring buildings covering more than 13 acres; 13 buildings in Rome and Cas- te! Gandolfo, the Pope's summer residence, although outside the boundaries, enjoy extra- territorial rights Legal system: Canon lawsof 1929 serve some of the functions of a constitution National holiday: 30 June Branches: the Pope possesses full executive, legislative, and judicial powers; he delegates these powers to the President of the Pontifical Commission, who is subject to pontifical ap- pointment and recall; the administrative structure of the Roman Catholic Church is known as the Roman Curia; its most impor- tant temporal components include the Secretariat of State and Council for Public Affairs (which handles Vatican diplomacy) and the Prefecture of Economic Affairs; the College of Cardinals act as chief papal advis- ers Government leader: JOHN PAUL II, Su- preme Pontiff (Karol WOJTYLA, elected Pope 16 October 1978) Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80 years old Elections: Supreme Pontiff elected for life by College of Cardinals Communists: none known Other political or pressure groups: none (ex- clusive of influence exercised by other church officers in universal Roman Catholic Church) Member: IAEA, INTELSAT, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, UPU, WIPO, WTO; permanent observer status at FAO, OAS, UN, and UNESCO Economy The Vatican City, seat of the Holy See, is sup- ported financially by contributions (known as Peter's pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world; some income derived from sale of Vatican postage stamps and tour- ist mementos, fees for admission to Vatican museums, and sale of publications; industrial activity consists solely of printing and pro- duction of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; the banking and financial ac- tivities of the Vatican are worldwide; the Institute for Religious Works (IOR) carries out fiscal operations and invests and transfers funds of Roman Catholic religious communi- ties throughout the world; the Administra- tion of the Patrimony of the Holy See manages the Holy See's capital assets; the Vatican announced an operating deficit of $25 million for 1981 Electric power: 2, 100 kW (standby) capacity (1984); power supplied by Italy Monetary conversion rate: the Vatican issues its own coinage, which is interchangeable with the Italian lira; 1690.25 lira=US$ 1 (February 1984) Communications Railroads: none Highways: none (city streets) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: none Telecommunications: 2 AM and 2 FM sta- tions; 2,000-line automatic telephone exchange Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of Italy 244 Venezuela Caribbean Sea Boundary representai not necessarily authi Sec regional map IV Land 912,050 km 2 ; more than twice the size of California; 21% forest; 18% pasture; 4% crop- land; 57% urban, waste, or other Land boundaries: 4,181 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm plus 3 nm contiguous zone for customs and sanitation (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 2,800 km People Population: 17,810,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3% Nationality: noun Venezuelan(s); adjec- tive Venezuelan Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white, 10% black, 2% Indian Religion: 96% nominally Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in the remote interior Literacy: 85.6% Labor force: 5.5 million (1984); 27% services; 22% commerce; 16% agriculture; 16% manu- facturing; 9% construction; 7% transporta- tion; 3% petroleum, utilities, and other Organized labor: 32% of labor force* Government Official name: Republic of Venezuela Type: republic Capital: Caracas Political subdivisions: 20 states, 1 federal dis- trict, 2 federal territories, and 72 island dependencies in the Caribbean Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; constitution promulgated 1961; judicial re- view of legislative acts in Cassation Court only; dual court system, state and federal; le- gal education at Central University of Venezuela; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July Branches: executive (President), bicameral legislature (National Congress Senate, Chamber of Deputies), judiciary Government leader: Jaime LUSINCHI, President (since February 1984) Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18, though rarely enforced Elections: every five years by secret ballot; last held December 1983; next national elec- tion for President and bicameral legislature to be held December 1988 Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party (COPEI), Rafael Caldera, Luis Herrera Campins; Democratic Action (AD), Jaime Lusinchi, Carlos Andres Perez; Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), Teodoro Petkoff, Pompeyo Marquez Voting strength: (1983 election) 56.8% AD, 34.5% COPEI, 4.17% MAS, 4.53% others Communists: 3,000-5,000 members (est.) Other political or pressure groups: FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDB Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Ship- ping Line), OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, WFTU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $66.4 billion (1983), $3,860 per capita (1983); 58.8% private consumption, 13.6% public consumption, 24.1% gross investment (1982); real growth rate - 1.7% (1982) Agriculture: main crops cereals, fruits, sugar, coffee, rice Fishing: catch 2 1 3,000 metric tons ( 1 982); ex- ports $1.6 million (1979), imports $19.7 million (1980) Major industries: petroleum, iron-ore min- ing, construction, food processing, textiles Crude steel: 1.9 million metric tons produced (1982) Electric power: 12,700,000 kW capacity (1984); 36.5 billion kWh produced (1984), 2,110kWh per capita Exports: $15.7 billion (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.); petroleum (95%), iron ore Imports: $7.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.) Major trade partners: imports 44% US, 7.4% Japan, 4.7% Italy, 4.5% FRO; exports 25% US, 9.5% Canada (1981) Budget: revised 1983 revenues, $18.6 bil- lion; expenditures, $18.4 billion, capital $110 billion Monetary conversion rate: 4.3 preferential, 7.5 commercial, and 12.5 free market bolivares=US$l (December 1984) 245 Venezuela (continued) Vietnam Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 419 km total; 240 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single track, government owned; 179km 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned Highways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Orinoco River and Lake Maracaibo accept oceangoing ves- sels Pipelines: 6,370 km crude oil; 480 km refined products; 2,480 km natural gas Ports: 6 major, 17 minor Cit>i7 air: 58 major transport aircraft Airfields: 259 total, 238 usable; 104 with per- manent-surface runways; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 82 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: modern expanding telecom system; 2 satellite ground stations; 1.38 million telephones (8.5 per 100 popl.); 168 AM, 25 FM, 57 TV stations; 3 submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta- tion with 2 antennas, and 3 domestic satellite stations Defense Forces Branches: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (Na- tional Guard), Marines, Coast Guard Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,328,000; 3,287,000 fit for military service; 193,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $1,091 million; about 6.2% of central government budget See region*! map IX South China Sea Bound a' y representation is :essanly aulhonlative .Ho Chi Minh City Land 329,707 km 2 ; the size of New Mexico; 50% forest; 14% cultivated; 36% urban, inland wa- ter, and other Land boundaries: 4,562 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 1 2 nm plus 12 nm contiguous customs and security zone (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands) People Population: 60,492,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.4% Nationality: noun Vietnamese (sing, and pi.); adjective Vietnamese Ethnic divisions: 85-90% predominantly Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic minorities include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham; other mountain tribes Religion: Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Ro- man Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, and Protestant Language: Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) Literacy: 78% Labor force: approximately 29 million, not including military Government Official name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam Type: Communist state Capital: Hanoi Political subdivisions: 36 provinces, 3 municipalities under central government control, 1 special zone Legal system: based on Communist legal the- ory and French civil law system National holiday: 2 September Branches: bicameral legislature (Council of State, National Assembly); highly centralized executive nominally subordinate to National Assembly Government leaders: LE DUAN, Commu- nist Party Secretary General (since December 1976); TRUONG CHINH, Chair- man, Council of State (since July 1981) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: pro forma elections held for na- tional and local assemblies; latest election for National Assembly held on 25 April 1976 Political parties and leaders: Vietnam Com- munist Party (VCP), formerly known as the Vietnam Workers Party, headed by Le Duan Communists: probably more than 1 million Member of: ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy CNP: $14.8 billion, $245 per capita (1983) Agriculture: main crops rice, rubber, fruits and vegetables; some corn, manioc, and sug- arcane; major food imports wheat, corn, dairy products 246 Wallis and Fuluna Fishing: catch 445,000 metric tons (1982) Major industries: food processing, textiles, machinebuilding, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires Shortages: foodgrains, petroleum, capital goods and machinery, fertilizer Electric power: 1,795,000 kW capacity (1984); 4.5 billion kWh produced (1984), 75 kWh per capita Exports: $652 million (1983); agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, ores Imports: $1,550 million (1983); petroleum, steel products, railroad equipment, chemi- cals, medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain Major trade partners: exports USSR, East European countries, Japan, other Asian mar- kets; imports USSR, East Europe, Japan Aid: accurate data on aid since April 1975 unification unavailable; estimated annual economic aid on annual basis is USSR, $600 million or more; East European countries, $150 million; non-Communist countries, $50 million; international institutions, $50 mil- lion; value of military aid deliveries since 1975 are not available Monetary conversion rate: 10.7 dong=US$l (November 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 2,816 km total; 2,224 1.000-meter gauge, 130 km standard gauge, 230 km dual gauge, 212 km unoperablc Htg/iu)ays:41,190kmtotal;5,471 km bitumi- nous, 27,030 km gravel or improved earth, 8,690 km unimproved earth Pipelines: 100 km, refined products Inland waterways: about 17,702 km naviga- ble; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8-m draft Ports: 9 major, 23 minor Civil air: military controlled Airfields: 217 total, 128 usable; 46 with per- manent-surface runways; 1 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 28 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,185,000; 9,014,000 fit for military service; 671,000 reach military age (17) annually Supply: dependent on the USSR and East Eu- ropean Communist countries for virtually all new equipment; produces negligible quanti- ties of infantry weapons, ammunition and explosive devices (Vietnam possesses a huge but dated inventory of US-manufactured weapons and equipment captured from the RVN) Military budget: no expenditure estimates are available; military aid from the USSR has been so extensive that actual allocation of Vietnam's domestic resources to defense has not been indicative of total military effort MATAUTUJN South Pacific Ocean lie Futuna S*t regioni) map \ Land About 207 km 2 ; about the size of New York City Water Limits of territorial waters: 12 mil (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) (.'.oast line: about 129 km People Population: 12,000 (July 1985) average an- nual growth rate 2.5?? Nationality: noun Wallisiun(s), Fulunan(s), or Wallis and Kutnna Islanders; adjective Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Is- lander Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian Religion: largely Roman Catholic Government Official name. Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands Type: overseas territory of France Capital: Matu Uru Political mbditrtxions: three districts Hranchcs: territorial assembly of 20 mem- Ix-rs; popular election of one deputy to National Assembly in Paris and one senator 247 Wallis and Futuna (continued) Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) Government leaders: Mirhel KUHN- MUNCH, Superior Administrator and President of Territorial Assembly Suffrage: universal adult Elections: every five years Economy Agriculture: dominated by coconut produc- tion, with subsistence crops of yams, taro, bananas Electric power: 1,000 kW capacity (1984); 1 million kWh produced (1984), 83 kWh per capita Exports: negligible Imports: $3.4 million (1977); largely food stuffs and some equipment associated with development programs Aid: (1978) France, European Development Fund, $2.6 million Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 Colonial Francs Pacifique (CFP)=US$1 (December 1982) Communications Highways: 100 km of improved road on Uvea Island (1977) Ports: 2 minor Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent- surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 148 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.) Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of France 200km See regional map VII Land 266,770 km 2 ; larger than Utah; nearly all desert Land boundaries: 2,086 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 1,110km People Population: 91,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 1.8% Nationality: noun Saharan(s), Moroccan(s); adjective Saharan, Moroccan Ethnic divisions: Arab and Berber Religion: Muslim Language: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Ar- abic Literacy: among Moroccans, probably nearly 20%; among Saharans, perhaps 5% Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming, 50% other Organized labor: none Government Official name: Western Sahara Type: legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved territory parti- tioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the northern two-thirds, including the rich phos- phate reserves at Bu Craa. Mauritania, under pressure from the Polisario guerrillas, aban- doned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted adminis- trative control there; the Polisario's government in exile seated as an OAU mem- ber in 1984, while guerrilla activities continue into 1985 Government leader: Muhamad ABDEL- AZIZ, President of Sahara Democratic Arab Republic (since October 1982) and secretary general of the Polisario (since August 1976) Economy GNP: not available Agriculture: practically none; some barley is grown in nondrought years; fruit and vegeta- bles in the few oases; food imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces Major industries: phosphate, fishing, and handicrafts Shortages: water Electric power: 60,000 kW capacity (1984); 78 million kWh produced (1984), 876 kWh per capita Exports: in 1982, up to $5 million in phos- phates, all other exports valued at under $3 million Imports: up to $30 million (1982); develop- ment, fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs Major trade partners: Morocco claims ad- ministrative control over Western Sahara and controls all trade with the country; West- ern Sahara trade figures are included in overall Moroccan accounts 248 Western Samoa Aid: small amounts from Spain in prior years; currently Morocco is major source of support Monetary conversion rate: uses Moroccan dirham; 8.9 dirham=US$l (1984) Communications Railroads: none Highways: 6,100 km total; 500 km bitumi- nous treated, 5,600 km unimproved earth roads and tracks Ports: 2 major (El Aaiun, Dakhla) Civil air: no data available Airfields: 16 total, 16 usable; 3 with perma- nent-surface runways, 3 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Savai'i South Pacific Ocean Upolu South Pacific Ocean See regional map X Land 2,934 km 2 ; the size of Rhode Island; com- prised of 2 large islands of Savai'i and Upolu and several smaller islands, including Manonoand Apolima; 65% forest; 24% culti- vated; 11% industry, waste, or urban Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 403 km People Population: 163,000 (July 1985), average an- nual growth rate 0.9% Nationality: noun Western Samoan(s); ad- jective Western Samoa Ethnic divisions: Samoan; about 12,000 Euronesians (persons of European and Poly- nesian blood), 700 Europeans Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of population associated with the London Mis- sionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Latter Day Saints, Seventh Day Adventist) Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English Literacy: 90% Labor force: about 37,000 (1983); about 22,000 employed in agriculture Organized labor: none Government Official name: Independent State of West- ern Samoa Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief; special treaty relationship with New Zealand Capital: Apia Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; constitution came into ef- fect upon independence in 1962; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fun- damental rights of the citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan- uary Branches: Head of State and Executive Council; unicameral legislature (47-member Legislative Assembly); Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Land and Titles Court, vil- lage courts Government leaders: MALIETOA Tanumafili II, Head of State (since 1962); Taisi Tupuola Tofilau ETI, Prime Minister (since March 1976) Suffrage: 45 members of Legislative Assem- bly are elected by holders of inatai (heads of family) titles (about 12,000 persons); two members are elected by universal adult suf- frage of persons lacking traditional family ties Elections: held triennially, last in February 1982 Political parties and leaders: no clearly de- fined political party structure Communists: unknown Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, South Pacific Forum, South Pacific Commis- sion, UH, WHO Economy GNP: $130 million (1978), $770 per capita 249 Western Samoa (continued) Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) Agriculture: cocoa, bananas, copra; staple foods include coconuts, bananas, taro, yams Major industries: timber, tourism, light in- dustry Electric power: 21,000 kW capacity (1984); 51 million kWh produced (1984), 315 kWh per capita Exports: $9 million (f.o.b., 1982); copra 43.3%, cocoa 32.3%, timber 2.0%, mineral fuel, bananas Imports: $38 million (c.i.f., 1982); food 30%, manufactured goods 25%, machinery Major trade partners: exports 31% FRG, 26% New Zealand, 1 2% US, 2% Australia; im- ports 30% US, 28% New Zealand, 10% Australia, 6% UK (1981) Aid: economic commitments US (FY70- 83), $10 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-82), $144 million Budget: (1982 est.) revenues, $36.9 million; expenditures, $37.6 million; development ex- penditure, $34.9 million Monetary conversion rate: 1.533 WS tala=US$l (February 1984) Communications Railroads: none Highways: 784 km total; 375 km bituminous, remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or earth Inland waterways: none Ports: 1 principal (Apia), 1 minor Ctn7 air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent- surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 3,800 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.O; 50,000 radio receivers; 1 AM station Defense Forces Military manpower: males 15-49, 39,000; 20,000 fit for military service Red Set \ See refionil mtp VI Land 194,250 km 2 (parts of border with Saudi Ara- bia and South Yemen undefined); slightly smaller than South Dakota; 79% desert, waste, or urban; 20% agricultural; 1 % forest Land boundaries: 1 ,528 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone") Coastline: 523 km People Population: 6,058,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun Yemeni(s); adjective Yemeni Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab (mixed) Religion: 100% Muslim (Sunni and Shi'a) Language: Arabic Literacy: 15% (est.) Labor force: approximately one-third ex- patriate laborers; remainder almost entirely agriculture and herding Government Official name: Yemen Arab Republic 250 Type: republic; military regime assumed power in June 1974 Capital: Sanaa Political subdivisions: 11 provinces Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic law, and local customary law; first constitu- tion promulgated December 1970, sus- pended June 1974; has not accepted com- pulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Proclamation of the Re- public, 26 September Branches: President, Prime Minister, Cabi- net; People's Constituent Assembly Government leaders: Col. 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH, President (since 1978); 'Abd al-'Aziz 'ABD AL-GHANI, Prime Minister (since 1983) Communist; small number Political parties or pressure groups: no legal political parties; in 1983 President Salih started the General People's Congress, which is designed to function as the country's sole political party; conservative tribal groups, Muslim Brotherhood, and leftist factions pro-Iraqi Bathists, Nasirists, National Demo- cratic Front (NDF) supported by South Yemen exert political influence Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy GNP: $3.8 billion (FY79), $544 per capita Agriculture: sorghum and millet, qat (a mild narcotic), cotton, coffee, fruits and vegetables Major industries: cotton textiles and leather goods produced on a small scale; handicraft and some fishing; small aluminum products factory Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of (South Yemen) Electric power: 195,000 kW capacity (1984); 500 million kWh produced (1984), 80 kWh per capita Exports: $11 million (f.o.b., 1981); qat, cot- ton, coffee, hides, vegetables Imports: $1,748 million (f.o.b., 1981); textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour, other foodstuffs, and cement (worst export/import ratio in the world) Major trade partners: China, South Yemen, USSR, Japan, UK, Australia, Saudi Arabia Budget: (1981) total receipts, $1,066 million; current expenditures, $1,569 million; devel- opment expenditures, $590 million Monetary con version rate: 5.740 rials= US$ 1 (October 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: none Highways: 4,000 km total; 1, 775 km bitumi- nous; 500 km crushed stone and gravel; 1,725 km earth, sand, and light gravel Ports: 1 major (Al Hudaydah), 3 minor Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft Airfields: 21 total, 15 usable; 4 with perma- nent-surface runways; 7 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system still inade- quate but improving; new radio-relay and cable networks; 35,000 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 3 AM stations, no FM, 5 TV sta- tions; 1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; tropospheric scatter to South Yemen Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,140,000; 635,000 fit for military service; about 66,000 reach military age (18) annually 280km See regional map VI Land 322,968 km 2 ; the size of Nevada; (border with Saudi Arabia and North Yemen undefined); only about 1% arable (of which less than 25% cultivated) Land boundaries: 1,802 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone" (eco- nomic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 1,383km People Population: 2,211,000, excluding the islands of Perim and Kamaran, for which no data are available (July 1985); average annual growth rate 2.9% Nationality: noun Yemeni(s); adjective Yemeni Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few Indi- ans, Somalis, and Europeans Religion: Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu Language: Arabic Literacy: 25% Government Official name: People's Democratic Repub- lic of Yemen Type: republic; power centered in ruling Ye- meni Socialist Party (YSP) Capital: Aden; Madin at ash Sha'b, adminis- trative capital Political subdivisions: six governorates Legal system: based on Islamic law (for per- sonal matters) and English common law (for commercial matters); highest judicial organ, Federal High Court, interprets constitution and determines disputes between states National holiday: 14 October Branches: unicameral legislature (People's Assembly); Supreme Cabinet Government leaders: 'Ali Nasir Muhammad al-HASANI, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council, YSP Secretary General (since 1980); Heydar Abu Bakr al- 'ATTAS, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (since February 1985) Suffrage: granted by constitution to all citi- zens 18 and over Elections: elections for legislative body, Su- preme People's Council, called for in constitution; none have been held Political parties and leaders: Yemeni Social- ist Party (YSP), the only legal party, is coalition of National Front, Ba'th, and Com- munist Parties Communists: unknown number Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $792 million (1978 est), $430 per cap- ita (1980) 251 Yemen, South (continued) Yugoslavia Agriculture: cotton is main cash crop; cere- als, dates, qat (a mild narcotic), coffee, and livestock are raised, and there is a growing fishing industry; large amount of food must be imported (particularly for Aden); cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish are ex- ported Major industries: petroleum refinery at Lit- tle Aden operates on imported crude; 1981 output about one-half of rated capacity of 170,000 b/d; oil exploration activity Electric power: 195,000 kW capacity (1984); 427 million kWh produced (1984), 200 kWh per capita Exports: $38 million (1980) Imports: $670 million (f.o.b., 1980) Major trade partners: North Yemen, East Africa, but some cement and sugar imported from Communist countries; crude oil im- ported from Persian Gulf, exports mainly to UK and Japan Budget: (1980) total receipts $495 million, current expenditures $280 million, develop- ment expenditures $200 million Monetary conversion rate: 0.3425 dinar=US$l (February 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: none Highways: 5,600 km total; 1,700 km bitumi- nous treated, 630 km crushed stone and gravel, 3,270 km motor able track Pipelines: refined products, 32 km Ports: 1 major (Aden), 4 minor Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft Airfields: 46 total, 31 usable; 5 with perma- nent-surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: small system of open- wire, radio-relay, multiconductor cable, and radio communications stations; only center Aden; estimated 10,000 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, no FM, 5 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite antenna; tropospheric scatter to North Yemen Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 479,000; 268,000 fit for military service Adriatic Sea Ste regional m>p V Land 255,804 km 2 ; the size of Wyoming; 34% for- est, 32% arable, 25% meadow and pasture, 9% other Land boundaries: 3,001 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 1,521 km (mainland), plus 2,414 km (offshore islands) People Population: 23,137,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.7% Nationality: noun Yugoslav(s); adjective Yugoslav Ethnic divisions: 36.2% Serb, 19.7% Croat, 8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7% Albanian, 5.9% Macedonian, 5.4% Yugoslav, 2.5% Mon- tenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 4.0% other (1981 census) Religion: 41% Serbian Orthodox, 32% Ro- man Catholic, 12% Muslim, 3% other, 12% none (1953 census; later information unavail- able) Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Mac- edonian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian, Italian Literacy: 85% 252 Labor force: 9.7 million (1983); 29% agricul- ture, 24% mining and manufacturing, 11% noneconomic activities; (est.) unemployment about 15% of domestic labor force Government Official name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Type: Communist state, federal republic in form Capital: Belgrade Political subdivisions: six republics with two autonomous provinces (within the Republic of Serbia) Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1974; legal education at several law schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ ju- risdiction National holiday: Proclamation of the So- cialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29 November Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal As- semblyFederal Chamber, Chamber of Republics and Provinces) constitutionally su- preme; executive includes cabinet (Federal Executive Council) and the federal adminis- tration; judiciary; the State Presidency is a collective, rotating policymaking body com- posed of a representative from each republic and province, Veselin Djurahovic presides as President of the Republic until May 1985, when he will be replaced by the represen- tative from the Province of Vojvodina, Radovan Vlajkovic Government leader: Milka PLANING, Pres- ident of the Federal Executive Council (since 1982) Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: Federal Assembly elected every four years by a complicated, indirect system of voting Political parties and leaders: League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only; lead- ers are 23 members of party Presidium, selected proportionally from republics, prov- inces, and Yugoslav People's Army, with the President rotating on an annual basis and the Secretary rotating every two years; current president is Ali %14Sukrija from Kosovo (un- til June 1985) Communists: 2.1 million party members (June 1982) Other political or pressure groups: Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SAWPY), the major mass front organization for the LCY; Confederation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia (CTUY), Union of Youth of Yu- goslavia (UYY), Federation of Yugoslav War Veterans (SUBNOR) Member of: ASSIMER, CEMA (observer but participates in certain commissions), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDE Inter-American Develop- ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some ac- tivities), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GNP: $122.3 billion (1983 est., at 1983 prices), $5,364 per capita; real growth rate -1.9% (1983) Agriculture: diversified agriculture with many small private holdings and large agri- cultural combines; main crops corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, and sunflowers; occa- sionally a net exporter of foodstuffs and live animals; imports tropical products, cotton, wool, and vegetable meal feeds Fishing: catch 66,841 metric tons (1982) Major industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, oil refining, chemicals, tex- tiles, wood processing, food processing Shortages: electricity, fuels Crude steel: 4.2 million metric tons produced (1983), 183 kg per capita Electric power: 17,115,000 kW capacity (1984); 68.412 billion kWh produced (1984), 2,980 kWh per capita Exports: $9.9 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 52% raw materials and semimanufactures, 31% con- sumer goods, 17% equipment Imports: $12.2 billion (c.i.f., 1983); 79% raw materials and semimanufactures, 15% equip- ment, 6% consumer goods Major trade partners: 58% non-Communist countries; 42% Communist countries, of which 26% USSR (1983) Monetary conversion rate: 188.32 dinars=US$l (November 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year (all data refer to calendar year or to middle or end of calendar year as indicated) Communications Railroads: 9,393 km total; 9,393 km 1.435- meter standard gauge; 891 km double track; 3,320 km electrified (1983) Highways: 116,300 km total; 59,500 km as- phalt, concrete, stone block; 37,300 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 19,500 km earth (1983) Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982) Freight carried: rail 88.9 million metric tons, 25.7 billion metric ton/km (1981); high- way 189.1 million metric tons, 19.6 billion metric ton/km (1981); waterway 22.7 mil- lion metric tons, 4.2 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic) Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,760 km natu- ral gas; 150 km refined products Ports: 9 major (most important: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, and Ploce), 24 minor; principal inland water port is Belgrade 253 Yugoslavia (continued) Zaire Airfields: 140 total, 137 usable; 48 with per- manent-surface runways, 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: 4.6 million radios, 1.9 million telephones (1979) Defense Forces Branches: Yugoslav People's Army Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard; Territorial Defense Force; Civil Defense; People's Militia (police) Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,016,000; 4,856,000 fit for military service; 184,000 reach military age (19) annually Ships: 7 submarines, 2 principal surface com- batants, 76 coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft, 40 amphibious warfare craft, 31 mine warfare craft, 2 fleet support ships, 9 other auxiliaries Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, 246.6 billion di- nars; about 4.1% of national income Bounds' not necessa'ily aulhonta See regional map VII Land 2,345,409 km 2 ; one-fourth the size of the US; 45% forest, 22% agricultural (2% cultivated or pasture), 33% other Land boundaries: 9,902 km Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 37 km People Population: 32,985,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.9% Nationality: noun Zairian(s); adjective Zairian Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population Religion: 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes- tant, 10% Kimbanguist, 10% Muslim, 10% other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs Language: French (official), English, Lin- gala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, and Tshiluba Literacy: 40% males, 15% females Labor force: about 8 million, but only about 13% in wage structure Government Official name: Republic of Zaire Type: republic; constitution establishes strong presidential system Capital: Kinshasa Political subdivisions: eight regions and fed- eral district of Kinshasa Legal system: based on Belgian civil law sys- tem and tribal law; new constitution promulgated February 1978; legal education at National University of Zaire; has not ac- cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 30 June; Anniversary of the Regime, 24 Novem- ber Branches: President elected originally in 1970 for seven-year term; Marshal Mobutu reelected July 1984; limits on reelection re- moved by new constitution; unicameral legislature (310-member National Legisla- tive Council elected for five-year term); the official party is the supreme political institu- tion Government leader: Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko, President (since 1965); KENGO Wa Dondo, First State Commissioner (prime minister; since November 1982) Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18 Elections: elections for rural collectivities' urban zone councils, and the Legislative Council of the Popular Movement of the Revolution were held June- September 1982; presidential referendum/election held July 1984; presidential election/referendum scheduled for 1991 Political parties and leaders: Popular Move- ment of the Revolution (MPR), only legal party Voting strength: Mobutu polled 99.6% of vote in the 1984 election Communists: no Communist party 254 Zambia Member of: AfDB, APC, CIPEC, EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $3.4 billion (1981), $110 per capita; 3.0% real growth (1984 est.) Agriculture: main cash crops coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; main food crops man- ioc, bananas, root crops, corn; some provinces self -sufficient Fishing: catch 102,415 metric tons (1980) Major industries: mining, mineral process- ing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement Electric power: 2,412,000 kW capacity (1984); 4.96 billion kWh produced (1984), 154 kWh per capita Exports: $1.424 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.); $1.611 million (1984 est.) copper, cobalt, dia- monds, petroleum, coffee Imports: $ 1.041 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.); $1.130 million (1984 est.) consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels Major trade partners: Belgium, US, France, and West Germany Budget: (1984 est.) revenues, $603 million; current expenditures, $609 million; capital expenditures, $28 million Monetary conversion rate: 37.534 zaires=US$l (August 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067- meter gauge (851 km electrified), 125 km 1,000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge, 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge Highways: 145,050 km total; 2,350 km bitu- minous, 46,230 km gravel and improved earth; remainder unimproved earth Inland waterways: comprising the Zaire, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes, the wa- terway system affords over 15,000 km of navigable routes Pipelines: refined products, 390 km Ports: 2 major (Matadi, Boma), 1 minor Civil air: 57 major transport aircraft Airfields: 319 total, 283 usable; 26 with per- manent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: barely adequate wire and radio-relay service, 30,300 telephones (0.1 per 100 pop!.); 10 AM, 3 FM, 17 TV sta- tions; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 13 domestic satellite stations Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Logistics Corps, Special Presi- dential Brigade Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,417,000; 3,748,000 fit for military service Livingston* Set regional map VII Land 752,614 km 2 ; larger than Texas; 61% scat- tered wood and grass, 13% dense forest, 10% grazing, 6% marsh, 5% arable and under cul- tivation Land boundaries: 6,003 km People Population: 6,770,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun Zambian(s); adjective Zambian Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% Euro- pean, 0.2% other Religion: 50-75% Christian, 1% Muslim and Hindu, remainder indigenous beliefs Language: English (official); about 70 indige- nous languages Literacy: 54% Labor force: 402,000 wage earners; 375,000 Africans, 27,000 non- Africans; 23% govern- ment and miscellaneous services, 19% construction, 15% mining, 10% manufactur- ing, 9% agriculture, 9% domestic service, 9% commerce, 6% transport Organized labor: approximately 238,000 wage earners are unionized 255 Zambia (continued) Government Official name: Republic of Zambia Type: one-party state Capital: Lusaka Political subdivisions: nine provinces Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; new constitution adopted September 1973; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; legal education at University of Zambia in Lusaka; has not accepted compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 24 October Branches: modified presidential system; uni- cameral legislature (National Assembly); judiciary Government leaders: Dr. Kenneth David KAUNDA, President (since October 1964); Nalumino MUNDIA, Prime Minister (Feb- ruary 1981) Suffrage: universal adult at age 18 Elections: general election held 27 October 1983; next general election scheduled for 1988 Political parties and leaders: United Na- tional Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth Kaunda; former opposition party banned in December 1972 when one-party state pro- claimed Voting strength: (1983 election) 63.5% of eli- gible voters participated; Kaunda, who was the only candidate for President, received a 93% "yes" vote; National Assembly seats were contested by members of UNIP Communists: no Communist party, but so- cialist sympathizers in upper levels of government and UNIP Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy GDP: $2.9 billion (1981), $476 per capita; real growth rate, 1.8% (1981) Agriculture: main crops corn, tobacco, cot- ton; net importer of most major agricultural products Major industries: transport, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer Electric power: 1,920,000 kW capacity (1984); 10.091 billion kWh produced (1984), 1, 539 kWh per capita Exports: $1 ,030 million (f .o.b., 1983); copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco Imports: $1,060 million (c.i.f., 1983); ma- chinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures Major trade partners: EC, Japan, China, South Africa Budget: (central government, 1983) reve- nues, $860 million (est.); expenditures, $1,070 million (est.) Monetary conversion rate: 1.831 Zambian kwachas=US$l (July 1984) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications Railroads: 1,204 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track Highways: 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi River, Luapula River, Lake Tan- ganyika; Mpulungu is small port on Lake Tanganyika Pipelines: 1,724 km crude oil Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft Airfields: 128 total, 114 usable; 11 with per- manent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; 67,300 telephones; ( 1 .0 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 2 FM, 10 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station Defense Forces Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary Po- lice Mobile Force, Police Paramilitary Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,413,000; 737,000 fit for military service 256 Zimbabwe 200km Set rrgmnil map VII Land 391,090 km 2 ; nearly as large as California; 40% arable (of which 6% cultivated), 60% ex- tensive grazing; of this total 48% worked communally by Africans, 39% owned by Eu- ropeans (farmed by modern methods), 7% national land, 6% other Land boundaries: 3,017 km People Population: 8,667,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.3% Nationality: noun Zimbabwean(s); adjec- tive Zimbabwean Ethnic divisions: about 97% African (over 77% members of Shona-speaking subtribes, 19% speak Ndebele); about 3% white, 1% mixed and Asian Religion: 50% syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs), 25% Christian, 24% in- digenous beliefs, a few Muslim Language: English (official); ChiShona and Si Ndebele Literacy: 45-55% Labor force: 1,048,000(1981); 35% agricul- ture; 25% mining, manufacturing, construction; 40% transport and services Organized labor: about one-third of Euro- pean wage earners are unionized, but only a small minority of Africans Government Official name: Republic of Zimbabwe Type: independent; a British-style par- liamentary democracy Capital: Harare Political subdivisions: eight provinces Legal system: Roman-Dutch Branches: legislative authority resides in a Parliament consisting of a 100-member House of Assembly (with 20 seats reserved for whites) and a 40-member Senate (10 elected by white members of the House, 14 elected by the other members of the House; 10 chief s, 5 from Mashonaland and 5 from Matabele- land, elected by members of the Council of Chiefs; 6 appointed by the President, on the advice of the Prime Minister); executive au- thority lies with a Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; the High Court is the superior judi- cial authority Government leaders: Rev. Canaan Sodindo BANANA, President (since April 1980); Rob- ert MUGABE, Prime Minister (since April 1980) Suffrage: universal over age 18; for at least seven years after independence (1980), white, mixed, and Asians vote on a separate roll for 20 seats in the House of Assembly Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister but must be held before expiration of five-year electoral mandate Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe Af- rican National Union (ZANU), Robert Mugabe; Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), Joshua Nkomo; Conservative Alli- ance (CA), Ian Smith; independent white (former RF) members of Parliament, Chris Andersen; United African National Council (UANC), Bishop Abel Muzorewa; others failed to win any seats in Parliament Voting strength: (February 1980 elections) ZANU (also known as ZANU-PF), 57 seats; ZAPU (also known as the Patriotic Front), 20 seats; CA, 9 seats; independents, 1 1 seats; UANC, 3 seats Communists: negligible Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77.GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITO, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP: $6.6 billion (1982), $870 per capita; real growth 12% (1980 and 1981), 2% (1982) Agriculture: main crops tobacco, corn, tea, sugar, cotton; livestock Major industries: mining, steel, textiles, chemicals, vehicles Electric power: 1,280,000 kW capacity (1984); 5.606 billion kWh produced (1984), 670 kWh per capita Exporfs:$1.12billion(f.o.b., 1983), including net gold sales and reexports; tobacco, asbes- tos, cotton, copper, tin, chrome, gold, nickel, meat, clothing, sugar Imports: $1.43 billion (f.o.b. 1982); machin- ery, petroleum products, wheat, transport equipment Major trade partner: South Africa Aid: economic commitments Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970- 81), $446 million; US, including Ex-Im (1980- 83), $229 million; Communist countries (1970-83), $59 million Budget: (FY83/84 est.) revenues, $1.82 bil- lion; expenditures, $2.223 billion; deficit, $400 million Monetary conversion rate: 1.26 Zimbabwean dollars= US$1 (July 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June 257 Zimbabwe (continued) Taiwan (China listed in alphabetic order) Communications Railroads: 3,394 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 12% of railroad is electri- fied Highways: 85,237 km total; 12,243 km paved, 28,090 km crushed stone, gravel, sta- bilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 21,807 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication Pipelines: 8 km refined products Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft Airfields: 484 total, 448 usable; 21 with per- manent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 29 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system was one of the best in Africa but now suffers from poor maintenance; consists of radio-relay links, open-wire lines, and radio communication stations; principal center Harare, secondary center Bulawayo; 236,500 telephones (3. 1 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 15 FM, 8 TV stations; satel- lite station under construction Defense Forces Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Zim- babwe Air Force, Police Support Unit, People's Militia Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,859,000; 1,142,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1984, $377 million; 13.7% of central government budget See refionilmip VIII Land 32,260 km 2 (Taiwan and Pescadores); the size of Maryland and Delaware combined; 55% forest, 24% cultivated, 6% pasture, 5% other (urban, industrial, waste, or water) Water Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 1,240 km Taiwan, 327 km Pesca- dores People Population: 19,358,000, excluding the popu- lation of Quemoy and Matsu Islands and foreigners (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.5% Nationality: noun Chinese (sing., pi.); ad- jective Chinese Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14% main- land Chinese, 2% aborigine Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhist, Confu- cian, and Taoist; 4.5% Christian; 2.5% other Language: Mandarin Chinese (official); Tai- wanese and Hakka dialects also used Literacy: about 89.7% Labor force: 7,266,000(1983); 19% agricul- ture, 40% industry and commerce, 30% services, 7% civil administration; 1.6% unem- ployment (1983) Organized labor: about 15% of 1978 labor force (government controlled) Government Official name: Taiwan Type: one-party presidential regime Capital: Taipei Political subdivisions: 16 counties, 5 cities, 2 special municipalities (Taipei and Kao- hsiung) Legal system: based on civil law system; con- stitution adopted 1946, though 1948 amendments set most of the constitution aside; martial law declared in 1949 still in effect; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: 10 October Branches: five independent branches (execu- tive, legislative, judicial, plus traditional Chinese functions of examination and con- trol), dominated by executive branch; President and Vice President elected by Na- tional Assembly Government leaders: CHIANG Ching-kuo, President (since March 1978); YU Kuo-hua, Premier (since June 1984) Suffrage: universal over age 20 Elections: national level Legislative Yuan every three years; National Assembly and Control Yuan every six years; no general elec- tion held since 1948 election on mainland (partial elections for Taiwan province repre- sentatives in December 1969, 1972, 1975, 1980, 1983, and 1984); local level provin- cial assembly, county and municipal - executives every four years; county and municipal assemblies every four years Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang, or National Party, led by Chairman Chiang Ching-kuo 258 Voting strength: (1983 Legislative Yuan elections) 62 seats Kuomintang, 1 9 seats inde- pendents; 1981 local elections, with 63% turnout of eligible voters, Kuomintang re- ceived 71% of the popular vote, non- Kuomintang 29% Other political or pressure groups: loose co- alition of oppositionist/independent politicians has emerged in the past six years Member of: expelled from UN General As- sembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; ex- pelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; member of ADB and seek- ing to join GATT and/or MFA; attempting to retain membership in ICAC, ISO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IWC Interna- tional Wheat Council, PCA; suspended from IAEA in 1972 but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development Economy GNP: $56.6 billion (1984 est), $2,985 per cap- ita; real growth, 8.8% (1984) Agriculture: most arable land intensely farmed 60% cultivated land under irriga- tion; main crops rice, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, citrus fruits; food shortages wheat, corn, soybeans Fishing: catch 930,582 metric tons (1983) Major industries: textiles, clothing, chemi- cals, electronics, food processing, plywood, sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding Electric power: 13,071,000 kW capacity (1984); 45.5 billion kWh produced (1984), 2,390 kWh per capita Exports: $30.4 billion(f.o.b., 1984 est.); 20.5% textiles, 18.8% electrical machinery, 9% gen- eral machinery and equipment, 9% telecommunications equipment, 7.4% basic metals and metal products, 5.4% foodstuffs, 2.5% plywood and wood products Imports: $21.6 billion (c.i.f., 1984 est.); 25% machinery and equipment, 17.7% crude oil, 1 1.9% chemical and chemical products, 6.7% basic metals, 6.3% foodstuffs Major trade partners: exports 49% US, 10% Japan; imports 29% Japan, 23% US, 8.6% Saudi Arabia (1983) Aid: economic commitments US authori- zations, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-81), $275 millfon; military- US (FY46-81), $4.4 billion authorized Budget: central government expenditure, $42.5 billion (FY83) Monetary conversion rate: NT (New Tai- wan) $39.7=US$1 (October 1984) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Communications Railroads: about 1,075 km common carrier lines and over 3,800 km industrial lines; com- mon carrier lines consist of the 1.067- meter gauge 708 km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection is under construction; common carrier lines owned by the government and operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises Highways: network totals 18,800 km (15,800 km are bitumous or concrete surface); 2,500 km are crushed stone or gravel surface; and 500 km are graded earth Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km natural gas Ports: 5 major (Kaohsiung, Keelung, Hualien, Suao, and Taichung), 4 minor (Tanshui, Tai- nan, Tapeng, and Makung) Airfields: 40 total, 39 usable; 32 with perma- nent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 17 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: very good interna- tional and domestic service; 3.6 million telephones; about 100 radio broadcast sta- tions with 270 AM and 12 FM transmitters; 12 TV stations and 6 repeaters; 8 million ra- dio receivers and 3.6 million TV receivers; 2 259 INTELSAT ground stations; tropospheric scatter links to Hong Kong and the Philip- pines available but inactive; submarine cables to Okinawa (Japan), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, and Hong Kong Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,235,000; 4,115,000 fit for military service; about 212,000 currently reach military age (19) an- nually Military budget: announced expenditures for national defense for fiscal year ending 30 June 1985, $3.8 billion; about 39.4% of cen- tral government budget; however, total military expenditures may be closer to $4.46 billion or about 50% of the central govern- ment budget West Bank and Caza Strip Boundary repfeSf not necessarily aulh GAZA STRIP (Israeli occupied status to be determined} Mediterranean f Set See regional map VI NOTE: the war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in con- trol of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by the President's 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relation- ship with their neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negoti- ated among the concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotia- tions will resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip has yet to be deter- mined. In the view of the United States, the term "West Bank" describes all of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian ad- ministration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. However, with respect to negotiations evisaged in the framework agreement, it is US policy that a distinction must be made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's special status and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solu- tion for the final status of Jerusalem could be different in character in some respects from that of the rest of the West Bank. Land West Bank 5,858.1 km 2 (includes West Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun and "Jerusa- lem No Man's Land," and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea; excludes Mt. Sco- pus); less than one-half the size of North Carolina; Gaza Strip 363.3 km 2 ; larger than Washington, D.C. Land boundaries: West Bank 480.2 km; Gaza Strip 72.1 km Water Coastline: West Bank none; Gaza Strip 39.7 km People Population: total, 1,443,000 (July 1985); av- erage annual growth rate 2.7%; West Bank (including East Jerusalem) 930,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.3%; Gaza Strip 508,000 (July 1984), average an- nual growth rate 3.7% Nationality: West Bank to be determined; Gaza Strip to be determined Ethnic divisions: West Bank 84% Palestin- ian Arab and other, 12% Jewish, 4% Bedouin; Gaza Strip 99.8% Palestinian Arab and other, 0.2% Jewish Religion: West Bank 80% Muslim (pre- dominantly Sunni), 12% Jewish, 7% Christian and other; Gaza Strip 99% Muslim (pre- dominantly Sunni), 0.8% Christian, 0.2% Jewish Language: West Bank: Arabic; Israeli settlers speak He- brew; English widely understood Gaza Strip: Arabic; Israeli settlers speak He- brew; English widely understood Literacy: West Bank statistics unavailable; Gaza Strip statistics unavailable Labor force: West Bank: (excluding Israeli Jewish settlers) 29.6% small industry, commerce, and busi- ness; 24.7% construction; 22.6% agriculture; and 23.1% service and other (1983) Gaza Strip: (excluding Israeli Jewish settlers) 30.7% small industry, commerce and busi- ness; 26.1% construction; 25.2% service and other; and 18.0% agriculture Government The West Bank and the Gaza Strip are cur- rently governed by Israeli military authorities and their civil administrations. It is US policy that the final status of these areas will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties. These negotiations will determine how this area is to be gov- erned. Economy GNP: West Bank $999 million (1982); Gaza Strip $486 million (1982) Agriculture: West Bank olives, citrus, and other fruits, vegetables, beef, and dairy prod- ucts; Gaza Strip olives, citrus, and other fruits, vegetables, beef, and dairy products Major industries: the Israelis have estab- lished modern industries in the settlements and industrial centers (3 in West Bank and 1 in Gaza Strip); generally small family busi- nesses that produce cement, textiles, soap, olive wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; Gaza Strip generally small fam- ily businesses that produce cement, textiles, soap, olive wood carvings, and mother-of- pearl souvenirs Electric power: the Israel Electric Corpora- tion, Ltd., exported 201.3 million kWh during 1982; the 1983 export is estimated at 255 million kWh (exported is understood to mean power provided to occupied territories) West Bank: bulk of installed capacity con- tained in two diesel powerplants Jerusalem-Shoufat plant (22,000 kW) and Nablus plant ( 1 9,600 k W); total estimated ca- pacity for all West Bank powerplants is 45,000 kW (1984); 90 million kWh produced (1984), 60 kWh per capita Gaza Strip: no known installed capacity; power probably obtained from Israel Exports: West Bank $206.9 million (1983); Gaza Strip $168.5 million (1983) 260 West Bank and Gaza Strip (continued) Imports: West Bank $462.4 million (1983); Gaza Strip $329.5 million (1983) Major trade partners: West Bank Jordan and Israel; Gaza Strip Egypt and Israel Budget: within the occupied territories, each municipality has its own budget; the follow- ing data represent the sum of the revenues and expenditures of the municipalities in each area for fiscal year beginning 1 April 1983 West Bank: revenues, $15.2 million; expen- ditures, $24.3 million Gaza Strip: revenues, $12.0 million; expendi- tures, $16.7 million Monetary conversion rate: West Bank: units of currency used are Israeli shekel (56.21 =US$1, 1983 average), Jorda- nian dinar (0.36=US$1, 1983 average), and US dollar Gaza Strip: units of currency used are Israeli shekel (56.21=US$1, 1983 average), Egyp- tian pound (1.43=US$1, February 1983 average), and US dollar Communications Railroads: West Bank none; Gaza Strip one abandoned line throughout the entire territory Highways: West Bank: small, poorly developed indige- nous road network; Israelis have improved major axial highways Gaza Strip: small, poorly developed indige- nous road network; Israelis have improved major axial highways Pipelines: West Bank none; Gaza Strip none Ports: West Bank none; Gaza Strip facili- ties for small boats at Gaza Civil air: West Bank statistics unavailable; Gaza Strip statistics unavailable Telecommunications: West Bank no local radio or TV stations; Gaza Strip no local ra- dio or TV stations 261 Appendix A The United Nations System M*in committees Standing and procedural committees Other subsidiary organs of the General Assembly UNRWA: United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNICEF: United Nations Children's Fund UNHCR: United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees WFP: World Food Program UNTTAKi United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNDP: United Nations Development Program UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNEP: United Nations Environment Program UNU: United Nations University HABITAT: United Nations Center for Human Settlements UNFPA: United Nations Fund for Population Activities United Nations Special Fund World Food Council Trusteeship Council Security Council General Assembly International Court f Justice Secretariat Economic and Social Council 1 Regional Commissions 1 Functional Commissions 1 Sessional, standing, and ad hoc committees Principal organs of the United Nations Other United Nations organs D Specialized agencies and other autonomous organizations within the system ' UNDOF: United Nations Disengagement Observer Force ' UNFICYP: United Nations Force in Cyprus ' UNIFIL: United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon ' UNMOGIP: United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNTSO: United Nations Truce Supervision Organization Military Staff Committee IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency r D GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade i I ILO: international Labor Organization D FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Q UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization D WHO: World Health Organization D IMF: International Monetary Fund D IDA: International Development Association C3 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development " O IFC: International Finance Corporation -Q ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization D UPU: Universal Postal Union D ITU: International Telecommunication Union - D WMO: World Meteorological Organization D IMO: International Maritime Organization D WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization D IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development Based on a chart from the UN Chmnicle 262 Appendix B Selected UN Organizations Principal Organs GA General Assembly SC Security Council ECOSOC Economic and Social Council TC Trusteeship Council ICJ International Court of Justice Secretariat Other organs UNCTAD UN Conference on Trade and Development TDB Trade and Development Board UNDP UN Development Program UNICEF UN Children's Fund UNIDO UN Industrial Development Organization Regional Economic Commissions ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Specialized Agencies and Other autonomous Organizations Within the System FAO Food and Agriculture Organization IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IDA International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate) IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate) ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UPU Universal Postal Union WFC World Food Council WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency 263 Appendix C Selected International Organizations A AAPSO Afro- Asian People's Solidarity Organization ADB Asian Development Bank AfDB African Development Bank AIOEC Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries ANRPC Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries ANZUS ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand, and the United States APC African Peanut (Groundnut) Council Arab League (League of Arab States) ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council ASSIMER International Mercury Producers Association B BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union BLEU Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union C CACM Central American Common Market CARICOM Caribbean Common Market CARIFTA Caribbean Free Trade Association CCC Customs Cooperation Council CDB Caribbean Development Bank CEAO West African Economic Community CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CENTO Central Treaty Organization CIPEC Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries Colombo Plan Council of Europe D DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD) E EAMA African States associated with the EEC EC European Communities ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EFTA European Free Trade Association EIB European Investment Bank ELDO European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organization EMS European Monetary System ENTENTE Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Niger, Upper Volta, and Togo ESRO European Space Research Organization G G-77 Group of 77 GCC Gulf Cooperation Council I IADB Inter-American Defense Board IATP International Association of Tungsten Producers IBA International Bauxite Association IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation ICAC International Cotton Advisory Committee ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ICCO International Cocoa Organization ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration ICES International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration ICO International Coffee Organization IDB Inter-American Development Bank IDE Islamic Development Bank IEA International Energy Agency (associated with OECD) 264 I IHO International Hydrographic Organization International Lead and Zinc Study Group IIB International Investment Bank INRO International Natural Rubber Organization INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization IOOC International Olive Oil Council IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union IRC International Rice Council ISO International Sugar Organization ITC International Tin Council IWC International Whaling Commission IWC International Wheat Council L LAIA Latin American Integration Association N NAM Nonaligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization O OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity OCAM Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization ODECA Organization of Central American States OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development QIC Organization of the Islamic Conference OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries P PAHO Pan American Health Organization S SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Committee SELA Latin American Economic System SPC South Pacific Commission U UDEAC Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa UEAC Union of Central African States UPEB Union of Banana Exporting Countries W WEU Western European Union WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WPC World Peace Council WSG International Wool Study Croup WTO World Tourism Organization Appendix D Country Membership in Selected Organizations Country International Organizations ADB ARAB ASEAN LEAGUE CACM CARICOM CEMA EC Ci-77 CCC IDB" IDB b INTELSAT LAIA NATO OAPEC OAS a Inter-American Development Bank b Islamic Development Bank Not a member of UN 266 United Nations Organizations OAU OECD QIC OPEC SEI.A WFTU FAO CATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IKAD IFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO d Ceased to participate in 1961 e Suspended 267 Country International Organizations ADB ARAB ASEAN LEAGUE CACM CAHICOM CEMA EC G-77 CCC 1DB" lDB b INTELSAT LAIA NATO OAPEC OAS German Democratic Republic Germany, Federal Republic of 268 United Nations Organizations OAU OECD O1C OPEC SELA WFTU FAO GATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IFAD IFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO 269 Country International Organizations ARAB ASEAN LEAGUE CACM CARICOM CEMA EC C-77 CCC IDB' IDB b INTELSAT LA1A NATO OAPEC OAS St. Vincent and the Grenadines 270 United Nations Organizations OAU OECD QIC OPEC SELA WFTU FAO CATT IAEA IBRD ICAO 1C] IDA IFAD IFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO 271 Country International Organizations ADB ARAB ASEAN CACM CARICOM CEMA EC G-77 LEAGUE CCC IDE" IDB b INTELSAT LAIA NATO OAPEC OAS Swaziland Sweden Switzerland' Syria Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga' Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Tuvalu c Uganda Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vanuatu Vatican City c Venezuela Vietnam Western Samoa Yemen Arab Republic Yemen, People's Demo- cratic Republic of Yugoslavia Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe Taiwan c 272 United Nations Organizations OAU OECD QIC OPEC SELA WFTU FAO CATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IFAD fFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO 273 Appendix E Conversion Factors To Convert From To Multiply By To Convert From To Multiply By Acres Hectares 0.4046856 Meters, cubic Tons, register 0.353147 Acres Kilometers, square 0.004046856 Miles, nautical Kilometers 1.852 Acres Meters, square 4046.856 Miles, statute Centimeters 160934.4 Centimeters Meters 0.01 Miles, statute Meters 1609.344 Centimeters, square Meters, square 0.0001 Miles, statute Kilometers 1.609344 Degrees, Fahrenheit Degrees, Celsius subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9 Miles, square Hectares 258.9998 Miles, square Kilometers, square 2.589998 Feet Centimeters 30.48 Ounces, avoirdupois Grams 28.349523 Feel Meters 0.3048 Ounces, avoirdupois Kilograms 0.028349523 Feet Kilometers 0.0003048 Ounces, troy Pounds, troy 0.083333 Feet, cubic Liters 28.316847 Ounces, troy Grams 31.10348 Feet, cubic Meters, cubic 0.028316847 Pints, liquid Milliliters 473.176473 Feet, square Centimeters, square 929.0304 Pints, liquid Liters 0.473176473 Feet, square Meters, square 0.09290304 Pounds, avoirdupois Grams 453.59237 Gallons, US liquid Liters 3.785412 Pounds, avoirdupois Kilograms 0.45359237 Gallons, US liquid Meters, cubic 0.003785412 Pounds, avoirdupois Quintals 0.00453592 Grams Ounces, troy 0.032151 Pounds, avoirdupois Tons, metric 0.000453592 Grams Pounds, troy 0.002679 Pounds, troy Ounces, troy 12 Hectares Kilometers, square 0.01 Pounds, troy Grams 373.241722 Hectares Meters, square 10,000 Quarts, dry Liters 1.101221 Indies Centimeters 2.54 Quarts, dry Dekaliters 0.1101221 Inches Meters 0.0254 Quarts, liquid Milliliters 946.352946 Inches, cubic Milliliters 16.387064 Quarts, liquid Liters 0.946352946 Inches, cubic Liters 0.016387064 Quintals Tons, metric 0.1 Inches, cubic Meters, cubic 0.000016387064 Tons, long Kilograms 1016.047 Inches, square Centimeters, square 6.4516 Tons, long Tons, metric 1.016047 Inches, square Meters, square 0.00064516 Tons, metric Quintals 10 Kilograms Ounces, troy 32.15075 Ton-miles, long Ton-kilometers, metric 1.635169 Kilograms Pounds, troy 2.679229 Ton-miles, short Ton-kilometers, metric 1.459972 Kilograms Tons, metric 0.001 Tons, register Meters, cubic 2.831685 Kilometers, square Hectares 100 Tons, short Kilograms 907.185 Liters Milliliters 1000 Tons, short Tons, metric 0.907185 Liters Meters, cubic 0.001 Yards Centimeters 91.44 Meters Millimeters 1000 Yards Meters 0.9144 Meters Centimeters 100 Yards, cubic Liters 764.5549 Meters Kilometers 0.001 Yards, cubic Meters, cubic 0.7645549 Meters, cubic Liters 1000 Yards, square Meters, square 0.836127 274 The World (Guide to Regional Maps) Arctic Ocea 05 120 135 150 The United SUt* Government h not recognued the incorporation of Elton*, Latvia, and Lithuania into tha Soviet Union Other boundary repreientation i. not ....!, . O ih,,.t,,. Arctic Ocean iC^^L U.S. \ ION st and South Asia VIII U.S.'* CHINA *'* Hon 9 Kong [U K i Macau V PHILIPPINES Southeast Asia ,,Map IX Oceania Map X S SOLOMON >, v ISLANDS IUVALU FIJI* Oceania Map x NEW ZEALAND, ItALANU 800234 (545038) 4-85 Map 30112046485964